The Trung Sisters of Ancient Vietnam

Beginning in 111 B.C., Han China sought to impose political and cultural control over northern Vietnam, assigning their own governors to oversee existing local leadership, but unease within the region gave birth to brave Vietnamese fighters like Trung Trac and Trung Nhi, The Trung Sisters, who led a heroic yet failed rebellion against their Chinese conquerors.   The pair, born sometime around the dawn of modern history (1 A.D.), were the daughters of a Vietnamese nobleman and military general in the area near Hanoi, and after the death of Tracs husband, she and her sister raised an army to resist and reclaim freedom for Vietnam, thousands of years before it gained its modern independence. Vietnam Under Chinese Control Despite the relatively loose control of Chinese governors in the region, cultural differences made relations between the Vietnamese and their conquerors tense. In particular, Han China followed the strictly hierarchical and patriarchal system espoused by Confucius (Kong Fuzi) whereas the Vietnamese social structure was based on a  more equal status between the sexes. Unlike those in China, women in Vietnam could serve as judges, soldiers, and even rulers and had equal rights to inherit land and other property. To the Confucian Chinese, it must have been shocking that the Vietnamese resistance movement was led by two women — the Trung Sisters, or Hai Ba Trung — but the made a mistake in 39 A.D. when Trung Tracs husband, a noble named Thi Sach, lodged a protest about increasing  tax rates, and in response, the Chinese governor apparently had him executed. The Chinese would have expected a young widow to go into seclusion and mourn her husband, but Trung Trac rallied supporters and launched a rebellion against foreign rule — along with her younger sister Trung Nhi, the widow raised an army of some 80,000 fighters, many of them women, and drove the Chinese from Vietnam. Queen Trung In the year 40, Trung Trac became the queen of northern Vietnam while Trung Nhi served as a top advisor and possibly co-regent. The Trung sisters ruled over an area that included about sixty-five cities and towns and constructed a new capital at Me-linh, a site long associated with the primordial Hong Bang or Loc Dynasty, which legend holds ruled Vietnam from 2879 to 258 B.C. Chinas Emperor Guangwu, who had reunified his country after the Western Han kingdom fell apart, sent his best general to crush the upstart Vietnamese queens rebellion again a few years later and General Ma Yuan was so pivotal to the emperors successes that Mas daughter became the empress of Guangwus son and heir, Emperor Ming. Ma rode south at the head of a battle-hardened army and the Trung sisters rode out to meet him on elephants, in front of their own troops. For more than a year, the Chinese and Vietnamese armies fought for control of northern Vietnam. Defeat and Subjugation Finally, in 43, General Ma Yuan defeated the Trung sisters and their army. Vietnamese records insist that the queens committed suicide by jumping into a river, once their defeat was inevitable while the Chinese claim that Ma Yuan captured and beheaded them instead. Once the Trung sisters rebellion was put down, Ma Yuan and the Han Chinese clamped down hard on Vietnam. Thousands of the Trungs supporters were executed, and many Chinese soldiers remained in the area to ensure Chinas dominance over the lands around Hanoi. Emperor Guangwu even sent settlers from China to dilute the rebellious Vietnamese — a tactic still used today in Tibet and Xinjiang, keeping China in control of Vietnam until 939. Legacy of the Trung Sisters China succeeded in impressing many aspects of Chinese culture upon the Vietnamese, including the civil service exam system and ideas based on Confucian theory. However, the people of Vietnam refused to forget the heroic Trung sisters, despite nine centuries of foreign rule. Even during the decades-long struggles for Vietnamese independence in the 20th century — first against the French colonists, and then in the Vietnam War against the United States — the story of the Trung sisters inspired ordinary Vietnamese. Indeed, the persistence of pre-Confucian Vietnamese attitudes about women may help to account for a large number of female soldiers who participated in the Vietnam War. To this day, the people of Vietnam perform memorial ceremonies for the sisters every year at a Hanoi temple named for them.

Muscle Milk - 1664 Words

Malyndah Gunawan Abdul afeefy Shamim akter Jonathan Faith Muscle Milk Father and son; Mike and Greg Pickett, Founded Cytosport Inc. in 1988. The product with good taste targets bodybuilders and athletes. Muscle Milk is not only designed with athletes or body builders in mind, but can be beneficiary to a wide range of individuals seeking to be stronger, healthier, leaner, livelier or bigger. CytoSport just obtained its NSF Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) for Sport Registration, showing credibility that it does not contain any substances on the banned list recognized by the World Anti-Doping Agency, the National Football League, Major League Baseball, etc. (Bloomberg Business Week, 2008). Unlike other companies, Cytosport†¦show more content†¦The Protein H20 comes in a variety of fruit flavors including Grape, Grapefruit, Orange and Raspberry. The product contains 60 calories and is sugar-free. In today’s gym obsessed world, Cytosport is utilizing this is an opportunity to promote muscle milk, thus increase its market share, whilst creating value for the customers. Unfortunately there are several threats, Nestle USA is currently suing Muscle Milk saying that they do not have any actual milk in their product and that is â€Å"eceptively misdescriptive† (All Business 2008). A third party medical group may come out with research indicating that this type of product is unhealthy (all Business 2008). There are also over fifty other competitors in this Market including CNP professional Proslam, Strength Systems USA Muscle Blast, and AllMax Nutrition ISOFLEX. Pepsi Co might start their own line of product if they see this as a good revenue line That can also be a threat. Future FDA regulations on the product may cause us to cease operations. SO Strategy, we use strengths to take advantage of opportunities Use of their efficient Ramp;D team to develop new products quickly to respond to new distribution channels demands. We also use of experience and knowledge to create and address the specific needs of new segments of the market. Ex. Female athletes and children. WO Strategy, overcoming weaknesses byShow MoreRelatedGatorade, Powerade and Muscle Milk Essay575 Words   |  3 Pages In recent studies sports drinks like Gatorade, PowerAde, and Muscle Milk have been proven to be not fully truthful about their nutritional value and the impact it will have on some people. Gatorade is one of the most famous sports drinks on the market today. Ever since it was created in 1965 at in the labs of the University of Florida Gatorade was used to hydrate in drastic weather conditions. Also Gatorade was used to replenish the key nutrients lost during playing. This achievement was provenRead MoreVerification Of Manufacturer Claims Of Protein Content1065 Words   |  5 Pagesrelationship between concentration and absorbance. In this experiment three product’s protein content (whole milk, muscle milk, and protein shake) were tested. The milk and muscle milk content for protein was approximately right, but the protein content for the protein shake was wrong. The whole milk had a final concentration of 41 mg/ml, protein had a final concentration of 34 mg/ml, and muscle milk had a final concentration of 70 mg/ml. Introduction: Proteins are important for the human body. ProteinsRead MorePersonal Diet Analysis1210 Words   |  5 PagesI have been looking up healthy ways of cooking online and trying out some of the recipes. CALCIUM We need calcium for our bones, teeth, muscle contractions, blood clotting, nerve transmissions, secretion of hormones and digestive enzymes. My intake of calcium is almost to the daily intake level of 1000mg. The food sources we can get calcium from our milk, sardines with bones, cheddar cheese, turnip greens, tofu, broccoli and waffles. If there is a deficiency in calcium it could relate to boneRead MoreIt s A Chocolate Milk Party1337 Words   |  6 PagesMclanahan PHED 1001 10 June 2016 It’s A Chocolate Milk Party â€Å"Be sure to drink your milk.† Everyone has probably heard this at some point in their lives. This plain, white drink is one of the most common groceries sold today. About half of all fluid milk that people consume is plain milk. Regular milk is not always the most satisfying beverage for people to drink. What if there was something with as much nutritional value that tasted better? Chocolate milk, plain milk’s delicious cousin, is the answerRead MoreDrinking Milk1444 Words   |  6 PagesMilk is a nutrient-rich power-house that benefits people of all ages, from infancy to well into their golden years. Studies have shown milk to help build strong teeth and bones, manage blood pressure, aid in weight management, and can be used as a great tasting post workout recovery drink. These are some of the reasons I choose to drink milk and to give it to my family. It is true that humans are the only mammals to drink milk after being weaned, and they are also the only ones to drink milk fromRead MoreEssay On Broodmares1541 Words   |  7 Pagesminerals your pregnant mare must receive adequate amounts of during pregnancy in order for the fetal liver to have adequate storage at birth. These four mineral stores are then used by the foal during the first few months of life because the mare’s milk is too low to meet the foal’s requirements, even in a mare that has never been deficient. Copper Copper is an integral mineral for formation and maturation of cartilage. Research has shown that mares supplemented with copper in the last trimesterRead MoreThe History and Uses of Casein Essay790 Words   |  4 PagesCasein plastic, or ‘milk plastic’, has been used in the Americas for decades, due to its low production costs and accessibility. Casein is defined as, â€Å"A white, tasteless, odorless protein precipitated from milk by rennin.† (â€Å"Casein† 1) and â€Å"a slow digesting protein that plays a large role in preventing muscle breakdown.† (â€Å"Casein Proteinâ€Å" 1) Not only is casein an important protein that all mammals need to survive, but this vital protein has also been very important throughout recent American andRead MoreHealth Concerns On Elderly And Causes And Consequences Of Malnutrition : What Is Specific For Elderly?1314 Words   |  6 Pageshealth of older adults. Body weight is unintentionally decreased because redu ction in energy intake usually exceeds the decline in energy expenditure. Due to the decrease of body weight in elderly, lean body tissue also decreases, especially muscle. This loss of muscle mass and function (strength and performance) is called sarcopenia. Weight loss is associated with frailty, disability, risk of hip fractures because of the decrease in the bone mass. Therefore, lean mass is extremely important to the elderlyRead MoreProtein Shake Before Or After Workout Case Study1564 Words   |  7 PagesDo you know how to use it? Will you search through web browsers? How do you make sure that what you discover is true? Overall, many people believe that the speed of muscle growth and increased body energy are directly proportional to the amount of protein intake. That is, they think that the more protein they eat, the faster the muscle amplification time will be. This is certainly a big mistake, so be careful. Eating too much protein can go beyond the amount of protein your body needs, leading toRead MoreProtein Milk Proteins1252 Words   |  6 PagesProtein Types of Protein Milk proteins are extensively studied regarding their role in exercise training adaptations (Hartman et al., 2007; Tang, Moore, Kujbida, Tarnopolsky, Phillips, 2009). Ingestion of milk proteins following exercise is shown to accelerate muscle recovery, increase glycogen replenishment, and improve protein balance in a positive manner that allow for increases in muscular strength and hypertrophy (Cockburn, Stevenson, Hayes, Robson-Ansley, Howatson, 2010; Hartman et al.

Sociological Aspects Of Social Psychology - 901 Words

Social Psychology According to Gordon Allport , â€Å"social psychology is an attempt to understand and explain how the thought, feeling, and behavior of individuals is influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others.† (Allport, 1954) There are two differing branches when referring to social psychology: 1. The sociological aspect of social psychology, which was mainly developed in Europe as a subdivision of sociology. 2. The psychological aspect of social psychology, which was developed in the US The differences between the two divisions are, that the sociological way of viewing social psychology focusses more on group interaction, group processes, while the psychological aspects of social psychology focusses more on the individual and how the individual is influenced and/or behaves in social settings. Sociological social psychology is very theory intensive and constructs itself out of â€Å"geisteswissenschaften† (sciences of the spirit) and social sciences. Corresponding approaches are i.e. critical theories, which also include psychoanalytical ideas. Some of the more notable sociological psychologists include Sigmund Freud, Erich Fromm and Wilhelm Reich. Coming back to the psychological branch of social psychology, we see its intentions lies in â€Å"an attempt to understand and explain how the thought, feelings and behavior of individuals are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others† (Allport, The Person in Psychology, 1968) QuantitativeShow MoreRelatedThe Argument of Sociology is Based on Relationships Essay694 Words   |  3 Pagesaccepting that the claim which was made, as well as the grounds of the claim, is different for each social science. It is usual for individuals to pull from their personal experiences, their views, morals, and interpretation of things when formulating an argument. The same goes for the various social sciences. Each social science approaches an argument in a different manner, and gives different aspects of an argument a higher regard. Sociology, Pyschology, Anthropology, and Political Science formulateRead MoreTheoretical Frameworks Of Sociology And Sociological Perspec tive Essay918 Words   |  4 Pagesand how they study it. In this essay, I will be discussing theoretical frameworks of sociology; what is sociological perspective, how sociology differs from other disciplines such as history, anthropology or psychology, and how are sociological paradigms are used as ‘tools of the sociologist’ in their analyses of human societies. Firstly, what is sociological perspective? The sociological perspective is the point of view on human behaviour and how society influences people, and vice versa. TypicallyRead MoreThe Sociological Imagination and Freedom from Feelings of Entrapment1133 Words   |  5 PagesThe sociological imagination is the â€Å"quality of mind† (Mills, 1959: 4) that enables individuals to look outside their private sphere of consciousness and identify the structures and institutions in society that influence or cause their personal experiences. In this way, by looking at the bigger picture, they can understand their place in society and explain their circumstance in terms of societal influence. It was developed by Mills in a time of great social upheaval – industrialisation, globalisationRead MorePsychology : Theory Of Psychology1637 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction to Psychology Module 1. Explain how a person committed to each of the following contemporary perspectives would explain human aggression. a. Psychodynamic: A person committed to psychodynamics would see that human functions are based on the interaction of drives and forces within the unconscious mind of a person. This influences different structures of the personality of the person as well. In addition, a person that is committed to psychodynamics would believe that the fundamentalRead MoreSociological Theory Of Labelization967 Words   |  4 Pagesevident stimulator in life, causing no surprise that labeling is the most influential motivator in human behavior. The theory that labelization is the most prominent human motivator is supported by multiple sociological and psychological studies: socialization, deviance, and social psychology (McLeod). Examples of the labeling theory at work are portrayed in many pieces of literature and art. Picasso painted Portrait of Dora Maar in 1937. Using oil pastels, Picasso depicted the ability to acceptRead MorePhilosophy, Phenomenology And Comparative Approachs851 Words   |  4 Pagesor individual aspect. Then there is the sociological approach which looks at group behavior. Then there is also the anthropological approach which is looks at societies, cultures and things of that nature. Lastly there is the philosophy, phenomenology and comparative approachs. The psychological approach to religion allows us to examine the individual. The psychology of religion is to understand the personal religious experience. William James who many deem the father of the psychology of religionRead MoreThe Theory Of Crime Causation871 Words   |  4 Pagesof a person’s choice and can be controlled using methods of deterrence. Since then, criminologists have expanded on the idea and have developed new ways as to why people commit crime; all including theories such as biological, psychological, and sociological causes for crime (Siegel, 2013). Biological theories of crime made the assumptions that physical traits can lead an individual to criminal activities. Biological theories of crime causation were initially based on the assumption that delinquencyRead MoreComparing Religion And Science From A Sociological Viewpoint1478 Words   |  6 PagesQuestion:1. Compare and contrast religion with science from a sociological viewpoint. Is science just another form of religion, with people like physicist Stephen Hawking among its high priests or mullah? Are science and religions simply both similar social constructions? In your response to this question, specifically consider both how irrational social factors influence everything, and the relationship between faith and proof. First of all, There are a number of debates about the similaritiesRead MoreArranged Marriage And Other Types Of Marriage1635 Words   |  7 Pagesor groom has is based on the type of arranged marriage (Psychology Wiki). Arranged marriage is a sensitive topic as it involves the values, beliefs and core characteristics of many people. There are multiple views on arranged marriage, both positive and negative. In the west, most individuals have negative opinions on arranged marriage. Arranged marriage can be researched and analyzed from an anthropological, psychological and sociological perspective. Through the three perspectives, many distinctiveRead MoreThe Sociological Aspects Of Hilter s A Social Context1594 Words   |  7 PagesKater’s (1981† article â€Å"Hitler in a Social Context† will examine the strengths and weaknesses of the sociological aspects of Hilter’s rise to power during the Third Reich. Kater’s motivation for writing this article is primarily based on the need form of comprehensive socio-historical or sociological evaluation of Hitler, which will define the charismatic effects of Hitler’s leadership in the rise of Nazi power. In a historiographical context, various biographers and social historians have examined Hitler

Poetry Explication Essay - 1424 Words

Poetry Explication Language is a remarkable thing. It can convey every thought, feeling, and emotion with perfect accuracy. Almost exclusively, language has taken awkward, unfit animals out of nature and made them rulers over the earth and many of its elements. When used well, it has the power to change an individuals view of the world, make someone believe they have seen something they have not, and even more astonishingly, look inside ones self and see what exists. If language is mixed with the tempo of music, something new arises; poetry is born. When words and ideas are set to a beat, they can far more subtly convey concepts that would otherwise need to be explicitly stated and the poem can be appreciated more as a whole,†¦show more content†¦In my poem, I have used the same style, putting the word way as the last word in the first and last lines. Such an arrangement serves to connect the beginning of the poem to the end and imparts a sense of cyclical occurrences—although Eli zabeth can banish those who hope to dispose her, new enemies will constantly arise. Using this structure as the framework for my own thoughts, I was able to break away from the original meaning of the poem and form something quite different. While composing my poem, I regularly went back to The Doubt of Future Foes to compare the sensibilities of each line. At times, I found that unknowingly I would come up with something quite similar to what was written in the original. An example of this is line 9 of The Doubt of Future Foes. I wanted to express how I, like many children, strive to instill pride in my parents. When I read line 9, I liked it so much that I included part of it in my own poem for its meaning, and as a tribute to Elizabeths style and careful selection of words. Since the title and first line are so intertwined, I decided to remain faithful to their original structure, and hence, my wording is very similar. Although the meaning for the word doubt in the original poem is quite different from its common usage today, I chose to keep it in the title to make upShow MoreRelatedAn Explication Of A Poetry Explication Essay1895 Words   |  8 PagesWriting Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 1 ? Essay #1: Poetry Explication A poetry explication is a relatively short analysis that describes the possible meanings and relationships of the words, images, and other small units that make up a poem. It is a line-by-line unfolding or revealing of the meaning(s) of a poem as the poem develops that meaning from beginning to end. Writing an explication is an effective way for a reader to connect a poem s plot and conflicts withRead MoreA Poetry Explication Of Poetry972 Words   |  4 PagesA Poetry Explication of â€Å"Introduction to Poetry† A poetry explication is a fairly short analysis, which describes the possible meanings and relationships of the words, images, and other literary elements that make up a poem. These elements help the reader have an understanding of the poem and what the author is trying to convey in a very effective way. Most young readers don’t usually understand the poems. For this literary explanation the reader had an interest in the poem â€Å"Introduction to poetry†Read MorePoetry Explication764 Words   |  4 Pages?Luke Brogoitti Dr. Wing English 105 Essay #1 Feb. 18th, 2009 Poetry Explication Matt Skiba’s song â€Å"Blue In The Face†, performed by Alkaline Trio in 2003, is written in a first person narrative directed towards a former lover. Skiba uses dark connotations and satanic allusions to portray his emotions and describe the various reasons he thinks she left that night, how he feels about the situation that happened and lastly that he wants her back. Matt Skiba’s songs are synonymous withRead MoreThe Buck in the Snow Poetry Explication Essay699 Words   |  3 PagesJoseph Beard C. DeKraai AP/IB English, period 1 30 August 2010 Word Count: 534 â€Å"The Buck in the Snow† by Edna St. Vincent Millay Over a short twelve lines, the speaker in â€Å"The Buck in the Snow† mourns then philosophizes over the realism of death, which represents sin, vice, pain, and everything imperfect in the world. The imagery and diction chosen by Edna St. Vincent Millay suggest a sorrowful mood that matches the mournful prayer of the speaker in the first stanza: White sky, saw you notRead MorePoetry Explication : Because I Could Not Stop For Death1385 Words   |  6 PagesPoetry Explication: Because I could not stop for Death Because I could not stop for Death by Emily Dickinson processes the life leading up to death and eternal life. The speaker is telling the poem many years after death and in eternal life. She explains the journey to immortality, while also facing the problem of sacrifice and willingness to earn it. The poem is succulent in alliteration, imagery, repetition, personification and rhyme. A notable shift in almost all of the poems direction occursRead MorePoetry Explication1059 Words   |  5 PagesSamantha Ward Professor Amy Clukey English 300-03 Due Date: September 22, 2011 Most Painful Memories: An Explication of Edward Mayes’ â€Å"University of Iowa, 1976† Take a minute to imagine â€Å"Men looking like they had been/attacked repeatedly by a succession /of wild animals,† â€Å"never/ ending blasted field of corpses,† and â€Å"throats half gone, /eyes bleeding, raw meat heaped/ in piles.† These are the vividly, grotesque images Edward Mayes describes to readers in his poem, â€Å"University of Iowa HospitalRead MoreEssay about Richard Cory, Poetry Explication644 Words   |  3 PagesExplication of Richard Cory The poem Richard Cory by Edwin Arlington Robinson is a poem written about the town aristocrat named Richard Cory. It is written with four quatrain stanzas with a rhyme scheme of a, b, a, b, for each stanza. The poets use of hyperboles and regal comparisons when describing Richard Cory help to elevate him above the townspeople, and his nonchalant mentioning of Corys suicide leaves the reader in a state of shock. The first stanza of the poem introduces RichardRead MorePoetry Explication First Poem for You by Kim Addonizio Essay616 Words   |  3 PagesPoetry Explication Just as poetry is a permanent mark of feelings that last forever on paper, tattoos are permanent symbols that last forever on the skin. Tattoos and poetry can easily be combined such as in Kim Addonizio’s sonnet, â€Å"First Poem for You,† the speaker admires her partner’s nature themed tattoos in a darkened room. This may seem to be a simple poem, but by utilizing tattoos as symbols, including tactile and visual imagery in her poem, and using the sonnet as her structure, AddonizioRead MorePoetry Explication1130 Words   |  5 PagesThe Goose Fish by Howard Nemerov This poem dramatizes the conflict between appearance and reality, particularly as this conflict relates to the central symbol of the poem, the goose fish. The speaker relates the tale of two lovers who encounter a dead fish on the beach after sharing their affection with one another. While looking at the fish, the couple ponders the meaning of this fish. Taken figuratively, the goose fish occupies many roles. As the speaker overlooks the events taking placeRead MorePoetry Explication of Sylvia Plath’s â€Å"Mirror†949 Words   |  4 PagesPoetry Explication of Sylvia Plath’s â€Å"Mirror† The first thing one can notice in Sylvia Plath’s poem â€Å"Mirror† (rpt. In Thomas R. Arp and Greg Johnson, Perrine’s Literature: Structure, Sound, and Sense, 9th ed. [Boston: Wadsworth, 2006] 680) is that the speaker in the poem is the mirror and the woman in the poem is Sylvia Plath. As you read through the poem, the lake is relevant because of the famous mythological story of narcissus. He was extremely beautiful and one day while drinking from a lake

The Role of United Nations in 21st Century free essay sample

The United Nations is an international organization of independent countries. These countries have joined together to work for world peace and against poverty and injustice. The UN was established as a result of a conference in San Francisco in June 1945 by 51 countries committed to preserving peace through international cooperation and collective security. Today, nearly every state in the world belongs to the UN 191 countries in all. UN headquarters are located in New York City. The UN is not a world government, and it does not make laws. It does, however, provide the means to help resolve international conflicts and formulate policies on matters affecting us all. At the UN, all the Member States large and small, rich and poor, with differing political views and social systems have a voice and vote in this process. | | The UN has  four main purposes, as stated in its Charter: 1. To keep peach throughout the world;? 2. To develop friendly relations among nations;? . To help improve living conditions of poor people and encourage respect for each others rights and freedoms;4. To be a centre for helping nations achieve these goals. | ? The UN is central to global efforts to solve problems which challenge humanity. Cooperating in this effort are more than 30 affiliated organizations known together as the UN system. Day in and day out, the UN and its family of organizations work to promote respect for human rights, protect the environment, fight disease, promote development and reduce poverty. UN agencies also define the standards for safe and efficient transport by air and sea, help improve telecommunications and enhance consumer protection, work to ensure respect for intellectual property rights and coordinate allocation of radio frequencies. The United Nations leads the international campaigns against illicit drug trafficking and terrorism. Throughout the world, the UN and its agencies assist refugees and set up programmes to clear landmines, help improve the quality of drinking water, expand food production, make loans to developing countries and help stabilize financial markets. The UN is central to global efforts to solve problems which challenge humanity. Cooperating in this effort are more than 30 affiliated organizations known together as the UN system. Day in and day out, the UN and its family of organizations work to promote respect for human rights, protect the environment, fight disease, promote development and reduce poverty. UN agencies also define the standards for safe and efficient transport by air and sea, help improve telecommunications and enhance consumer protection, work to ensure respect for intellectual property rights and coordinate allocation of radio frequencies. The United Nations leads the international campaigns against illicit drug trafficking and terrorism. Throughout the world, the UN and its agencies assist refugees and set up programmes to clear landmines, help improve the quality of drinking water, expand food production, make loans to developing countries and help stabilize financial markets. | Historical Development of UN When it established, its members was 51. Nowadays member of united nations are 192. This number includes People’s Republic of China and Vatican which is not a member of this organizations anymore. Turkey is a founder member of United Nations. Central of United Nation is in New York. All of meeting with member countries are making in this space. Before this organization , there was different organizations. Such as league of nations which is established on term between two word war. The main differences between the League of Nations and the United Nations were the stronger executive powers assumed by the Security Council and the requirement that member states should make available armed forces to serve as peace-keepers or to repel an aggressor. President of USA (F. D. Roosevelt) propound to this concept (United Nations). This declaration was followed by a conference of Foreign Ministers in Moscow, in October, 1943 where discussions took place concerning a replacement for the discredited League of Nations. United Nations was firstly used in decisions of declaration by UN which include combined and maintaining of war against axis powers on 1 January 1942. China , Soviet Union , Britain and US ‘s delegates determined UN principal agreement by congregating in Dumbarton Oaks In Augusts and Octobers on 1944. Every year on 24 October is celebrated as United Nations day by member countries . UN principal agreement determined aim of this organization; To protect international peace and security by peaceful solvation of problems and using active expedience. To provide development of rights of people without being any differences between nation , sex, language, religion in solutions of problems about international. Language of UN: United Nations legal languages are Arabic, Turkish , French , English , Spanish and Russian. Un? ted Nations basic discipline are : All members are hegemon and equal. 2- All members are responsible of process of UN role in international relations. 3- Any member of this organization wouldn’t use any power. 4- All members have to support UN’s applications. 5- UN never touch any countries’ home affairs except for protecting international peace. Organs of UN: United Nation has six basic organ and subsidiary organ. Basic organs are general assembly, security council, economic and social council Trusteeship Council (not active) , general secretary and international court of justice. General assembly is a basic discussing organ of UN. Each member country has a vote. This assembly makes meeting on September or December regularly, but sometimes when there is a extraordinary they can be collected. Security Council has a basic responsible about international peace and security. -The Economic and Social Council assists the General Assembly in promoting international economic and social cooperation and development. -The United Nations Secretariat is headed by the Secretary-General, assisted by a staff of international civil servants worldwide . It provides studies, information, and facilities needed by United Nations bodies for their meetings. It also carries out tasks as directed by the UN Security Council, the UN General Assembly, the UN Economic and Social Council, and other UN bodies. -The International Court of Justice, located in The Hague, Netherlands, is the primary judicial organ of the United Nations. The Security Council had five permanent members, United States, the Soviet Union, China and Britain. Six other countries served two-year periods on the Council (this was increased to ten in 1965). Controversially, permanent members were given the power to veto decisions made by the Security Council. The other nations vigorously opposed the idea of the veto but it became clear that without such a favoured position the five major nations would not join the United Nations. The United States Senate ratified the United Nations treaty by a vote of 89 to 2 on 28th July, 1945. The Role of United Nation: United Nation is an opportunity for all world to solve global problems since sixty years. This is also opportunity to conquer anarchic system which created by dominant state . As the most representative inter-governmental organization of the world today, the United Nations role in world affairs is irreplaceable by any other international or regional organizations. The United Nations has made enormous positive contributions in maintaining international peace and security, promoting cooperation among states and international development. Today, people of the world still face the two major issues of peace and development. Only by international cooperation can mankind meet the challenges of the global and regional issues. The United Nations can play a pivotal and positive role in this regard. Strengthening the role of the United Nations in the new century and promoting the establishment of a just and reasonable international political and economic order goes along with the trend of history and is in the interest of all nations. In order to strengthen the role of the United Nations, efforts should be made to uphold the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations. The authority of the Security Council in maintaining international peace and security must be preserved and role of the United Nations in development area should be strengthened. To strengthen the role of the United Nations, it is essential to ensure to all Member States of the United Nations the right to equal participation in international affairs and the rights and interests of the developing countries should be safeguarded. The UN has had so many positive impacts on the world that naming a few would be almost silly but here goes:? Established a peace treaty in Yugoslavia. If the UN didnt exist the genocide would have continued. Has a security council that is made up of almost every type of political standing in which all have to agree if war is allowed to happen and is just. Established neutral zones in many middle eastern conflicts to make both sides take a breather and try to talk. Allows for open communication between all the nations in the world. Sends food aid to many poor locations. Before all the haters jump in, they need to realize that it is not perfect but it is at least an attempt at fixing the problems of the world. Almost all things bad that have happened from the UN have been because a country didn’t listen. The role of UN in 21st Century: As the United Nations (UN) enters the 21st Century, it is faced with challenges that were not seen by its creators. The end of the Cold War, globalization, intra-state conflict, and a desire to achieve universal human rights continues to separate the world between those who have and those who need assistance. In order for the UN to obtain any semblance of global governance to meet these new challenges, it will have to move beyond its traditional logic and employment of international peacekeeping forces. Sending a sovereign nation‘s uniformed military to keep fighting parties separated will not promote long term peace, economic development, nor aid the cause of individual liberty. While there has been much success gained through the medical, educational, and financial institutions under the UN umbrella, it has not developed the means to protect those investments. The focus of this research effort is to move away from conventional use of military personnel in UN peacekeeping operations and analyze the need for their replacement and enhancement with a permanent UN Police Force. There are two broad obstacles concerning the implementation of a UN Police Force. The first is nothing short of the nature of politics itself. Secondly, and many may consider a product of the former, is the means by which to gain the resources required to field a force capable of meeting the world‘s needs. In both areas, the UN will have to present a case that will be supported by the people and government of its member nations. The Beginnings of Collective Security : The United Nations is not the first organization that has attempted to achieve collective or regional security. History is full of alliances that have been set up at many different levels to protect property, sovereignty, and people. Although there are significant examples of such entities throughout history, the scope of this work can only make a brief mention of the League of Nations and some of the instances and background that has led up to our current situation in the UN. Under the UN, Cold War settings and the different forms of peacekeeping will be addressed. Although there have always been calls for some form of utopian ideal among the fringes of society, the aftermath of World War I allowed for a more open discussion of a better future for the world. The leadership of President Woodrow Wilson helped form the League of Nations following the Treaty of Versailles. This Wilsonian vision of a —supranational organizationâ€Å" failed to gain acceptance in the United States and in its mission. This first attempt at collective security lacked the necessary diplomatic support to secure its objectives and forced nations back to the alliance system in preparation for World War II. The United Nations Early Years While the loss of a generation of European men was catastrophic in World War I, the destruction of property was isolated to the war front. The Second World War saw not only the death of soldiers, but also the death of millions of civilians and entire cities destroy across the world. It comes as no surprise then that there was another outcry for a world body to manage conflict before it spirals out of control. With the close of this second Great War, the birth of the United Nations gained more authority and support than its predecessor. The UN did not immediately find itself at the helm of an efficient collective security system. Instead, it was a pawn in the return to balance of power politics in the bi-polar world between the United States and Soviet Union for the next half century. The end of World War II saw both the birth of the UN and atomic weapons. Between the spread of communism and the efforts of a containment policy, the East-West struggle left the UN with little role other than a forum for heated debate and inaction from the Security Council. According to the UN, there have been 54 peacekeeping operations from 1948 to October of 2000. Fifteen of these operations are current, but only 16 were initiated before 1989. The fall of the Soviet Union and the removal of a bi-polar system that provided supported and control for regional tension left us with what President George Bush referred to as the —new world orderâ€Å". It didn‘t take long for others to coin the phrase New World disorderâ€Å". Peacekeeping Types There are a number of different definitions of peacekeeping. The first is —traditional peacekeepingâ€Å" that was a product of the Cold War. United Nations missions between 1945 and 1988 were designed to keep direct confrontation limited between the US and Soviets. Traditional peacekeeping puts a military force between former belligerents to monitor a cease-fire while diplomatic negotiations are conducted. While this type of operation may still be required on occasion between nations, it can be accomplished with a third country military force as needed. Other definitions of the peacekeeping mission since the late 1980s require some refinement due to the nature of the operations. There are three other definitions of —peacekeepingâ€Å" as they apply to conflicts within a nation or among small, undeveloped countries. These operations are labeled multidimensional peace operations, humanitarian intervention, and peace enforcement. Multidimensional peace operations are similar to traditional peacekeeping, but have an implementation schedule and timeline. A multidimensional operation also involves separating the factions and working towards a peace accord that addresses the underlying cause of an internal conflict. Humanitarian intervention sometimes lacks the consent of the warring parties and is frequently thought to violate a nation‘s sovereignty when there is a desire to maintain an isolationist approach. However, to stop further loss of life or a threat to international peace and security may require such an intervention. The last type of operation to be addressed is that of peace enforcement. In this case, coercive force is used by the intervening parties to suppress conflict in a specific area as a result of genocide or lack of governance. As stated earlier, traditional peacekeeping operations between nation states is not in severe need of change and therefore not the focus of this research effort. It is necessary for the full means available to a modern military to stand between nations on the verge of war. This paper will address the specific requirement of a UN Police Force to conduct the multidimensional peace operations required for the plethora of failed states that have emerged in the post Cold War World. The next chapter will address why the UN should form an international police force and the logic necessary of it‘s member states to support it. The Need for Change The impact of globalization, moving beyond just the idea of universal protection of human rights, and the changing environment of world conflict make the logic of a UN Police Force more relevant now than ever before. The Cold War was an era of strict definitions with regard to international law. In order to protect the East-West alliances, intervention was viewed as illegal and no doubt a threat to the respective power broker. Self-determination, that supported one of the super-powers, and sovereignty of the nation was placed higher on the UN agenda than any abuse of individuals within the state. While it would be easy to say the fall of the Soviet Union has caused this new phenomenon of failed states, there is a deeper cleavage that has been opened up. States fail when they can no longer govern themselves as a result of any number of reasons. Most of the factors that cause a state to fail can be attributed to competition over resources without regard to the rule of law. Resource competition may be over wealth, education, ethnic community, or simply an opportunity to seek a better life. Throughout history the current trouble spots of the world were held together by colonial rule or under the protection of the East-West regimes. Two other reasons that can be attributed to the lack of involvement by the UN and industrialized nations prior to 1989 include the level of information getting into and out of less developed countries before the information revolution. The ability of CNN to flash the first signs of civil disobedience, international crime, and any number of human rights violations to the watching world have forced local, regional, and multilateral agencies to answer to their public. Moreover, the people who once lacked information of the world did not realize just how poor their plight was. The effects of the World Wide Web and globalization have changed forever the way nations and people interact. There is a desire by a vast amount of the world‘s population to experience the freedoms, economic prosperity, and success they see occurring in developed nations. However, the inability of their own infrastructure or political administration is preventing them from instituting laws and an enforcement agency that could lead to a more productive nation. Globalization The spread of technology that has resulted in increased information flow has also fostered the spread of global business. Multi-national corporations are now the rule rather than the exception when it comes to 21st Century business. The reality of a global business community that advances the lives of the population needs the same safe and secure environment to operate that people do. Globalization requires special attention because it is the basis and means for the UN to develop and employ an international police for that protects property rights and individual rights. There has been much discussion over the last decade concerning how to manage the effects of globalization. The rich wish to maintain and improve their current status while the poor seek to find the means to develop. Political focus has usually been to protect the rich nations through laws that affect immigration and import/export barriers. Poor nations are left further behind due to their inability to provide the safe environment and properly suited work force to invite foreign capital as a result of government shortcomings. While many view the spread of industry and markets as a purely business interest, a successful world economy that involves everyone must be supported politically through the establishment of law enforcement. It is the law of the rich nation that prevents market forces from allowing people, prices, and goods to meet their theoretical economic potential. Not all the people and governments of the world view globalization as a desired objective. The use of technology and business to integrate and expand markets can result in a clash of civilizations through diluted customs, ethnic integration, and labor force migration. Traditional sources of revenue such as agriculture and local industry can be moved resulting in dependence on foreign means. In order to achieve an effective world market, while at the same time promoting literacy and awareness through a global information revolution, there needs to be a sense of fairness and security felt throughout the world. The advancement of some countries cannot be at the expense of the majority without inciting resentment and conflict. The UN must use globalization to promote protection of business markets while at the same time using that force to provide the means for ensuring people can live safely and seek better lives through increased access to education, religion, liberty, and means of prosperity. Even though democracy has spread since the fall of communism, it has not brought significant advances to less developed nations. Countries that have seen economic prosperity as a result of globalization have confined that success to a special interest group and not the nation‘s people as a whole. Democracy is not enough to warrant success, —an effective state requires good laws as well as law enforcement that is timely, even-handed, and accessible to the poor. â€Å" United Nations Declaration of Human Rights One of the critical arguments against any type of universal human rights policy and enforcement is that they are the product of the West and cultural exceptionalists choose not to abide by international norms when it is not in accordance with their political agenda. However, as a byproduct of globalization, the world has become a smaller place and nations should no longer be able to hide behind the veil of sovereignty when breaking international laws. —The Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the several ensuing legal treaties setting out civil, political, cultural, and economic rights as well as the rights of children, women, ethnic groups, and religions, were meant to create a global safety net of rights applicable to all persons, everywhere†¦they brook no cultural exceptionalism. The UN now has the obligation to find a means to enforce and promote these rules until they have become commonly accepted by all citizens. Leaving member nations, specifically those on the UN Security Council, to decide when, where, and how human rights and globalization laws are to be enforced will only further delay the advancement of Third World Nations and promote continued armed conflict. The people of the world deserve the opportunity to work t owards their own prosperity. It is incumbent upon governments to ensure an environment free to exercise individual rights and provide a certain degree of protection in life and property. Although there are occasions when direct welfare is required, the issue of direct compensation is a complex one and not in the scope of this research project. Seeking the advancement of a better alternative to the traditional use of national military forces is however. The UN must use the cornerstone of economic advancement to also promote the ideals of individual benefit. An achievable goal is the reduction of armed conflict when nations and their population feel they are reaping the benefits of their labor and exercising individual freedoms. However, the world is controlled by the wealthy nations and the reality is they must be convinced a change to the status quo is required. The Catch-22 the UN faces is finding the trained personnel, finances, and time investment to help developing nations succeed while not promoting themselves as the world protector of global governance. A new UN Police Force is the means by which the developed countries of the world can provide the framework for Third World independence without collective, regional, or unilateral involvement of military forces. Values and Practicalities As the twenty-first century draws nearer we are witnessing an era where foreign policy and international relations are increasingly values-driven. The United States and other major countries form the vanguard of what amounts to a universal crusade to spread doctrines and practice of their version of good governance and democracy, in tandem with wider acceptance of liberal market economic policy as the pathway to modernisation. But a profound paradox emerges here. As the world grows more democratic, so the UN becomes less democratic or at least mired in ays of governance reflecting its formative period, which fail to mirror todays world and relative global influence. Realists argue that there is no correlation between a more democratic world and a more democratic multilateral system; that no intrinsic linkages exist. That is an argument that rests upon the distribution of power and those that want to maintain their built-in advantage. The signs are that the fundamental logic of such an argument will be put to the test sooner rather than later in the century ahead. Critical reflection drives us to the conclusion that despite urgency and obvious need, the UN is probably not going to be reformed in a meaningful way. Differences among member states stemming from power-political rivalries and ideological antagonisms have been fundamental obstacles to UN reform. These differences continue today. Even as the debate between East and West lapsed into obsolescence, the debate between North and South continues, with emphasis on conflicting claims on fundamental values and perspectives. The UN remains a stake and a prize in this escalating debate. Every proposal for change in the organisation is assessed in the light of advantages bestowed upon one or the other side, and everyrecommendation for reform offered by one is predictably resisted by the other. Such a situation has tended to cause political gridlock everywhere. Conclusions The world no longer lacks the economic and technological means to do more than pay ideological lip service to advancing the individual rights and pursuit of prosperity to the global population. The UN must convince the wielders of hegemonic power that they may face the same problems encountered by the Roman, Byzantine, and Ottoman empires if they do not seek alternative solutions to managing world crises. Past and present attempts to quell conflict between less developed nations or manage the consequences of a failed state have not had much success. Results are the continued deployment of combat forces between belligerents in foreign lands. The biggest concern for a UN military force is still one of intervention in a crisis instead of the daily presence required to enforce the law and defuse potential hot spots before they occur. The UN‘s member states are also reluctant to use military forces because there is little support for forcible entry. By having a UN monitored Police Force already present, this obstacle would be eliminated. While the use of deadly force is taught to police forces, it is engrained in the minds of the soldier. The likelihood of excess force and inability to interact with the target population are significant drawbacks to the use of a military force to conduct peacekeeping operations. Other obstacles for a military include lack of continuous presence and the need to return home for national emergencies. Even if there is a long-term military presence, the soldiers are on a rotation schedule that inhibits the contact required to promote trust. A properly trained UN Police Force could mitigate many of these problems. While the idea of a UN Police Force does meet the needs for the establishment of law and order, there are other areas that will require much research and debate. Even after the acceptance of this concept by the world‘s leaders, there will continue to be the same issues that plague every effort proposed by the United Nations. In addition to those seeking the exceptions from universal implementation, the reality of financing, training, organizational structure, appropriate force size, and demographics will need to be addressed. Each of these areas will require their own research and debate. However, this level of detail will only be necessary if the need for a UN Police Force is seen as the best way to protect individuals and economic investment thereby allowing growth and development in our ever-changing world.

Study Skills Factors Impeding Ethical Consumptio

Question: a) Demonstrate competence in a range of business and academic skills and apply them in an organisational/enterprise setting .b) Communicate effectively both in written (reports, summaries etc.) c) Collect and analyse appropriate data from a range of learning/information sources .d) Undertake research tasks, both individually and in groups, with appropriate guidance .e) Demonstrate understanding of global, ethical and organisational responsibility issues. Answer: Introduction According to the recent report from the Co-operative Bank, one-third of UK consumers are growing ethically conscious. They are willing to challenge or even boycott the companies not supporting or complying with ethical standards (Bray, Johns and Kilburn 2011). Ethical consumerism enables people to think about the product sourcing techniques if they are harmful to the environment. A wide range of product areas that fall into the ethical category are travel and tourism, fashion, energy, banking and finance, and food and drinks (Carroll and Buchholtz 2012). The report begins with the identification of the organization HM, which claims to follow ethical standards in its business operations. Certain examples are provided that justify that the organization follows ethical consumerism. The approaches used by the organization are elaborated that help it in becoming a more socially conscious business. The approaches are liked with the business ethics and values. Further, primary research methodology is followed for conducting a short opinion survey. The survey helps in assessing the factors influencing consumer buying behaviour. The report concludes with a critical evaluation of ethical consumerism based on primary and secondary research with a focus on HM. Lastly, recommendations are provided that would help HM become more ethical. Ethical Consumerism Ethical consumerism can be defined as the practice of purchasing products and services that causes least harm to the environment. The consumers may choose to avoid or boycott the products and services that are unethically produced (Singh et al. 2012). An ethical consumer is seen as a responsible consumer who is concerned with Fair Trade and is interested in assessing from where the goods are sourced or distributed. This practice leads to responsible decision making in the global market for ethical products and services. The moral concerns include values such as slavery-free labour, child-free labour, and trade-justice, green, organic and other environment issues. The ethical consumers are more likely to motivate consumer behaviour if they are ethically sourced, produced or distributed (White, MacDonnell and Ellard 2012). For example, ethical consumers are geared towards sustainable tourism and concerned with standards of weather and accommodation. The ethical consumers may tend to feel that tourism can ruin the local culture and aim to seek a holiday with an ethical code of practice (Weeden 2014). Ethics is also becoming more ingrained in the food and drink operators. The consumers are increasingly switching to organic food. The food maybe expensive to buy regularly, but 37% ethical standards are being compromised in low-priced food (Store.mintel.com 2016). Ethical standards can also be applied in the fashion industry for the clothes and jeans companies. The clothing companies such as HM, Next and Zara have sustainable supply chains. These companies are taking initiatives to eradicate toxic chemicals from their supply chains by 2020. Even the sportswear giants such as Adidas and Nike are supporting the Detox Campaign where the companies consider beautiful fashion should not cause toxic pollution (Greenpeace.org 2016). According to Ethical Consumer survey, Good Energy is considered as the best energy company as they follow green electricity in the best manner. The organization believes that their business can impact on the climate change thereby making it easier for the people to switch to green electricity (Brignall and Jones 2011). As seen in the above examples, it is necessary and beneficial for the companies to act ethically. It helps in engaging stakeholders and minimizing non-financial costs. Ethical standards help in reducing social inequalities and help them gain competitive advantage. An organization with strong ethical standards attracts customers thereby boosting sales and profits. Additionally, the employees would be loyal thereby enhancing productivity. It shall also attract investors keeping the share price high (Singh et al. 2012). Company Review One of the giants, Hennes Mauritz (HM) claims itself to be an ethical company. It is a Swedish multinational apparel brand known for its fast-fashion clothing. It is not just a big player in the fashion industry, but a giant selling over 550 million garments annually (Siegle 2012). In an audacious move, HM positions itself to make ethics an integral part in its products and services. The organization is continually creating sync between ethics and fast-fashion. Their mission is to become an ethical giant (Siegle 2012). As recognised by the Ethisphere Institute, HM was named as the most ethical companies for the sixth year (Hm.com 2016). The scores were generated for five categories: culture of ethics, corporate citizenship and responsibility, innovation and reputation, governance and leadership, and ethics and compliance program. HM excels in promoting ethical business standards, shaping the future fashion industry standard, and enables managers and employees make good choices (Hm.com 2016). The organization believes in being ethical through integrity, respect and fair play in their business. They aim at protecting human rights, take responsibility for the colleagues and provide an inclusive business environment. They believe in being transparent and honest with their stakeholders. Additionally, the organization stands against any form of corruption and embraces diversity (Hm.com 2016). The highlights of the company state that 72% of their managers and 77% colleagues are women (Hm.com 2016). HM has specific core values and believes in people. They believe in working together as a team by keeping things simple. They constantly strive for improvement and keep up the entrepreneurial spirit (Hm.com 2016). The people have argued that HM is a low-cost clothing company. They have raised controversies if the company cuts cost, how it can pay fair wages to the workers. HM claims that increasing wages would not increase the consumers pay for clothing since they have in-house manufacturing. There are different living wages in different countries that are adjusted accordingly (Liebelson 2014). HM further mentions about standing clear of the child labour practices. Additionally, if they discover kids who are below the statutory minimum age, HM pays for the kids education until they are 15 or the legal working age in country (Sustainability.hm.com 2016). Further, HM launched Conscious Collection as effort to sustainable clothing. The garments are made from recycled polyester chiffon and organic cotton. The chic-pieces are trends and fashionable while being sustainable. HM involved a wide range of tailored suits for men, and cocktail dresses, romantic evening gowns for women (Murray 2013). HM takes efforts to reduce its carbon emissions and electricity consumption. They are reusing or recycling garments through their in-store garment collection program (Henry 2015). HM promotes good practice not only among suppliers and employees, but also in the value chain. HM offers good working conditions to its employees, raises awareness about rights at work and provides training. The organization also directly influences the suppliers for improving their value chain process. Another ethical approach is used for better packaging with fewer resources and causing less waste (Sustainability.hm.com 2016). The packaging materials used by the organiza tion are recyclable and meets the standard packaging shapes to minimise waste in production. They use FSC-certified paper and board that helps in sustainable packaging. Even for transporting, they use boxed that are reusable and are sent back to distribution centres to be used again (Sustainability.hm.com 2016). Opinion Survey A short opinion survey was conducted for assessing the influence of consumer buying behaviour. Primary data was collected from a sample size of 14 students at GSM London. The findings of the survey are collected ahead. The demographic profile was simply assessed for gender for which 7 males and 7 females were chosen. Gender Frequency Percentage Male 7 50% Female 7 50% Total 14 100% Table 1: Gender A minimum of one option and maximum of three options could be chosen to assess the buying behaviour of consumers. It was observed that majority of the respondents selected one of their options as firms ethical behaviour. It is interpreted that an organizations ethical behaviour plays a significant role in the consumer purchase decision process. Other than that, the customers value product and service quality as the second most important factor. The purchase decision is affected by brand status, recognition, satisfaction and dispensable income of an individual. Figure 1: Factors Influencing Purchase Decision The most interesting result of the survey was that none of the respondents would choose to buy a product that they know of is produced, manufactured or distributed through unethical practices. This indicates that the growing awareness of ethical issues is impacting the mind of youngsters. They are not willing to consume products if it is involved in unethical practices such as slavery, child labour or causes environmental damage. Preference Frequency Percentage Yes - - No 14 100% Maybe - - Total 14 100% Table 2: Unethical Product Preference The last question regarding the opinion about ethical trade practices was answered in a descriptive format. Most of the answers involved that ethical practices must be adopted by all companies as it promote social consciousness, humanity and environmental protection. They further state that ethical practices are a motivation for them and they wish to make it a part of their regular lifestyle. Conclusion Conclusively, HM follows ethical practices in its operations, production, packaging and distribution. Ethical consumerism enables people to think about the product sourcing techniques if they are harmful to the environment. The consumers may choose to avoid or boycott the products and services that are unethically produced. Ethical standards help in reducing social inequalities and help them gain competitive advantage. In an audacious move, HM positions itself to make ethics an integral part in its products and services. They aim at protecting human rights, take responsibility for the colleagues and provide an inclusive business environment. HM has specific core values and believes in people. They believe in working together as a team by keeping things simple. They constantly strive for improvement and keep up the entrepreneurial spirit. The packaging materials used by the organization are recyclable and meets the standard packaging shapes to minimise waste in production. It is inter preted that an organizations ethical behaviour plays a significant role in the consumer purchase decision process. Most of the answers involved that ethical practices must be adopted by all companies as it promote social consciousness, humanity and environmental protection. Certain recommendations are provided in the following section to help HM become more ethical. Recommendations HM can consider rapid development of online market like other competitors. The store design can be made sustainable. Limitations must be set in the cotton usage as it already manages environmental performance. HM can implement measures such as store credit to enable customers brings the clothes back. These clothes can be put to recycling. The organization must also shift permanently to products that can be produced using polyester and organic cotton. The workplace conditions can be improved. In-store opportunities for redistribution of products can be implemented. Training must be provided to the employees so that they can come up with creative ideas to enhance sustainability. References Bray, J., Johns, N. and Kilburn, D., 2011. An Exploratory Study into the Factors Impeding Ethical Consumption.J Bus Ethics, 98(4), pp.597-608. Brignall, M. and Jones, R., 2011.Ethical money: 10 ways to greener spending. [online] the Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/money/2011/oct/14/ethical-money-greener-spending [Accessed 5 Aug. 2016]. Carroll, A. and Buchholtz, A., 2012.Business and Society: Ethics, Sustainability, and Stakeholder. Australia: South-Western, Cengage Learning. Greenpeace.org, 2016.Detox Our Future. [online] Detox Our Future. Available at: https://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/campaigns/detox/ [Accessed 5 Aug. 2016]. Henry, K., 2015.HM Reduces Carbon Footprint 16% Environmental Leader Environmental Management News. [online] Environmentalleader.com. 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