Major assignment (fa) Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 12500 words

Major assignment (fa) - Research Paper Example t economic development growths of different regions, the news that Ireland will be the fastest growing economy in the European Union spurred my interest to look out for the surrounding facts that brought this growth. Several authors have published articles about economic growth of Ireland; prediction of growth for instance (RTE News, Nov. 2014). However, much that has been written about Ireland’s growth was focused on economy, but there is not a great deal of discussions on other important sources of growth. The goal of this paper is to bring together in this research the overall transitional developments of this country, from the past, modern, and up to present civilization. This research therefore focuses on collaborating facts that figured out this robust growth. . To achieve this goal, this article is organized into five sections. The first section, provides the Geography that consists of Ireland’s Absolute & Relative Location, Size (metric), Hydrological Features, Orographic Features, Climatic Features, Flora & Fauna, Population, etc. The second section talks about important historical developments of the country, and on the next, the political system is discussed. Third subsection discusses the country’s economy and fourth subsection deals with the culture and tourism. Final section is devoted to the author’s views and comments. Ireland is situated in Western Europe, occupying five-sixth of the island of Ireland in the North Atlantic Ocean, West of Great Britain. (See Appendix 1 for map). Its Geographic coordinates is: 53’00 N 8:00 W. It takes up an area of 70,723 sq. km. divided into 68,883 sq. km. of land and 1,390 sq. km. of water. Country boundary is UK 360 km. Ireland ranks as the 120th largest country in world ranking, and only slightly smaller than West Virginia. Ireland has a coastline of 1,448 km. (CIA World Facts). It has a territorial sea of 12 nautical miles (nm). In 2013, Ireland has a registered exclusive fishing

International Journal of Accounting and Financial Essay Example for Free

International Journal of Accounting and Financial Essay ABSTRACT The role of Indian mutual fund industry as significant financial service in financial market has really been noteworthy. In fact, the mutual fund industry has emerged as an important segment of financial market of India, especially in channelizing the savings of millions of individuals into the investment in equity and debt instruments. Mutual funds are seemingly the easiest and the least stressful way to invest in the stock market. Quiet a large amount of money has been invested in mutual funds during the past few years. Any investor would like to invest in a reputed Mutual Fund organization. Mutual funds are financial intermediaries concerned with mobilizing savings of those who have surplus and the canalization of these savings in those avenues where there is a demand for funds. These intermediaries employ their resources in such a manner as to provide combined benefits of low risk, steady return, high liquidity and capital appreciation through diversification and expert management. Reforms in the  Indian economic system and the opening up of the economy have been the reasons for the tremendous growth in the Indian capital market. This study analyzes the impact of different demographic variables on the attitude of investors towards mutual funds. Apart from this, it also focuses on the benefits delivered by mutual funds to investors. To this end, 200 respondents of Solapur City, having different demographic profiles were surveyed. The study reveals that the majority of investors have still not formed any attitude towards mutual fund investments. KEYWORDS: Mutual Fund, Investors, Solapur City INTRODUCTION Mutual fund is a pool of money collected from investors and is invested according to certain investment options. A mutual fund is a trust that pools the saving of a no. of investors who share a common financial goal. A mutual fund is created when investors put their money together. It is, therefore, a pool of investor’s fund. The money thus collected is then invested in capital market instruments such as shares, debentures and other securities. The income earned through these investments and the capital appreciations realized are shared by its unit holders in proportion to the no. of units owned by them. The most important characteristics of a fund are that the contributors and the beneficiaries of the fund are the same class of people namely the investors. The term mutual fund means the investors contribute to the pool and also benefit from the pool. The pool of funds held mutually by investors is the mutual fund. A mutual fund business is to invest the funds thus collected according to the wishes of the investors who created the pool. Usually the investor’s appoint professional investment managers create a product and offer it for investment to the investors. This project represents a share in the pool and pre status investment  Pritam P. Kothari Shivganga C. Mindargi  objectives. Thus, a mutual fund is the most suitable investment for a common man as it offers an opportunity to invest in a diversified, professionally managed basket of securities at relatively low cost. EVOLUTION OF INDIAN MUTUAL FUND INDUSTRY The formation of Unit Trust of India marked the evolution of the Indian mutual fund industry in the year 1963. The primary objective at that time was to attract the small investors and it was made possible through the collective efforts of the Government of India and the Reserve Bank of India. The history of mutual fund industry in India can be better understood divided into following phases: Establishment and Growth of Unit Trust of India 1964-87 Unit Trust of India enjoyed complete monopoly when it was established in the year 1963 by an act of Parliament. UTI was set up by the Reserve Bank of India and it continued to operate under the regulatory control of the RBI until the two were de-linked in 1978 and the entire control was transferred in the hands of Industrial Development Bank of India (IDBI). UTI launched its first scheme in 1964, named as Unit Scheme 1964 (US-64), which attracted the largest number of investors in any single investment scheme over the years. UTI launched more innovative schemes in 1970s and 80s to suit the needs of different investors. It launched ULIP in 1971, six more schemes between 1981-84, Childrens Gift Growth Fund and India Fund (Indias first offshore fund) in 1986, Mastershare (Inidas first equity diversified scheme) in 1987 and Monthly Income Schemes (offering assured returns) during 1990s. By the end of 1987, UTIs assets under management grew ten times to Rs 6700 crores. Entry of Public Sector Funds 1987-1993 The Indian mutual fund industry witnessed a number of public sector players entering the market in the year 1987. In November 1987, SBI Mutual Fund from the State Bank of India became the first non-UTI mutual fund in India. SBI Mutual Fund was later followed by Canbank Mutual Fund, LIC Mutual Fund, Indian Bank Mutual Fund, Bank of India Mutual Fund, GIC Mutual Fund and PNB Mutual Fund. By 1993, the assets under management of the industry increased seven times to Rs. 47,004 crores. However, UTI remained to be the leader with about 80% market share. 1992-93 UTI Public Sector Total Amount Mobilised 11,057 1,964 13,021 Assets Under Management 38,247 8,757 47,004 Mobilisation as % of Gross Domestic Savings 5.20% 0.90% 6.10% Emergence of Private Secor Funds 1993-96 The permission given to private sector funds including foreign fund management companies (most of them entering through joint ventures with Indian promoters) to enter the mutal fund industry in 1993, provided a wide range of choice to investors and more competition in the industry. Private funds introduced innovative products, investment techniques and investor-servicing technology. By 1994-95, about 11 private sector funds had launched their schemes. Growth and SEBI Regulation 1996-2004 The mutual fund industry witnessed robust growth and stricter regulation from the SEBI after the year 1996. The mobilization of funds and the number of players operating in the industry reached new heights as investors started showing more interest in mutual funds. A Study of Investors Attitude towards Mutual Fund with Special Reference to Inversotrs in Solapur City Investors interests were safeguarded by SEBI and the Government offered tax benefits to the investors in order to encourage them. SEBI (Mutual Funds) Regulations, 1996 was introduced by SEBI that set uniform standards for all mutual funds in India. The Union Budget in 1999 exempted all dividend incomes in the hands of investors from income tax. Various Investor Awareness Programmes were launched during this phase, both by SEBI and AMFI, with an objective to educate investors and make them informed about the mutual fund industry. Growth and Consolidation 2004 Onwards The industry has also witnessed several mergers and acquisitions recently, examples of which are acquisition of schemes of Alliance Mutual Fund by Birla Sun Life, Sun FC Mutual Fund and PNB Mutual Fund by Principal Mutual Fund. Simultaneously, more international mutual fund players have entered India like Fidelity, Franklin Templeton Mutual Fund etc. There were 29 funds as at the end of March 2006. This is a continuing phase of growth of the industry through consolidation and entry of new international and private sector players. Indian mutual fund industry reached Rs 1,50,537 crore by March 2004. It is estimated that by 2010 March-end, the total assets of all scheduled commercial banks should be Rs 40,90,000 crore. The annual composite rate of growth is expected 13.4% during the rest of the decade. In the last 5 years there is an annual growth rate of 9%. According to the current growth rate, by year 2010, Mutual fund  India assets will be double FEATURES THOSE INVESTORS LIKE IN MUTUAL FUND If mutual funds are emerging as the favorite investment vehicle it is because of the many advantages. They have over other forms and avenues of investing parties for the investors who has limited resources available in terms of Capital and ability to carry out detailed reserves and market monitoring. These are the major advantages offered by mutual fund to all investors: Professional Management Mutual Funds provide the services of experienced and skilled professionals, backed by a dedicated investment research team that analyses the performance and prospects of companies and selects suitable investments to achieve the objectives of the scheme. Diversification Mutual Funds invest in a number of companies across a broad cross-section of industries and sectors. This diversification reduces the risk because seldom do all stocks decline at the same time and in the same proportion. You achieve this diversification through a Mutual Fund with far less money than you can do on your own. Convenient Administration Investing in a Mutual Fund reduces paperwork and helps you avoid many problems such as bad deliveries, delayed payments and follow up with brokers and companies. Mutual Funds save your time and make investing easy and convenient. Return Potential Over a medium to long-term, Mutual Funds have the potential to provide a higher return as they invest in a diversified basket of selected securities. Pritam P. Kothari Shivganga C. Mindargi Low Costs Mutual Funds are a relatively less expensive way to invest compared to directly investing in the capital markets because the benefits of scale in brokerage, custodial and other fees translate into lower costs for investors Liquidity In open-end schemes, the investor gets the money back promptly at net asset value related prices from the Mutual Fund. In closed-end schemes, the units can be sold on a stock exchange at the prevailing market price or the investor can avail of the facility of direct repurchase at NAV related prices by the Mutual Fund Transparency You get regular information on the value of your investment in addition to disclosure on the specific investments made by your scheme, the proportion invested in each class of assets and the fund managers investment strategy and outlook Flexibility Through features such as regular investment plans, regular withdrawal plans and dividend reinvestment plans, you can systematically invest or withdraw funds according to your needs and convenience Affordability Investors individually may lack sufficient funds to invest in high-grade stocks. A mutual fund because of its large corpus allows even a small investor to take the benefit of its investment strategy. Well Regulated All Mutual Funds are registered with SEBI and they function within the provisions of strict regulations designed to protect the interests of investors. The operations of Mutual Funds are regularly monitored by SEBI. DISADVANTAGES OF MUTUAL FUNDS Above I have mentioned the various advantages of Mutual Funds but it also suffers from a lot of drawbacks as the market is volatile and it is ever affected by national as well as international factors, these days we can see that crude oil prices in International market has become an important factor  in determining the market movement. Here are some disadvantages as cited by me and by survey: Fluctuating Returns Mutual funds are like many other investments without a guaranteed return: there is always the possibility that the value of your mutual fund will depreciate. Unlike fixed-income products, such as bonds and Treasury bills, mutual funds experience price fluctuations along with the stocks that make up the fund. When deciding on a particular fund to buy, you need to research the risks involved just because a professional manager is looking after the fund, that doesn’t mean the performance will be always good Diversification Although diversification is one of the keys to successful investing, many mutual fund investors tend to over diversify. The idea of diversification is to reduce the risks associated with holding a single security; over diversification (also known as diversification) occurs when investors acquire many funds that are highly related and, as a result, don’t get A Study of Investors Attitude towards Mutual Fund with Special Reference to Inversotrs in Solapur City the risk reducing benefits of diversification. At the other extreme, just because you own mutual funds doesn’t mean you are automatically diversified. For example, a fund that invests only in a particular industry or region is still relatively risky. For example: Sect oral Funds Cash and More Cash As you know already, mutual funds pool money from thousands of investors, so everyday investors are putting money into the fund as well as withdrawing investments. To maintain liquidity and the capacity to accommodate withdrawals, funds typically have to keep a large portion of their portfolios as cash. Having ample cash is great for liquidity, but money  sitting around as cash is not working for you and thus is not very advantageous. Costs Mutual funds provide investors with professional management, but it comes at a cost. Funds will typically have a range of different fees that reduce the overall payout. In mutual funds, the fees are classified into two categories: shareholder fees and annual operating fees. The shareholder fees, in the forms of loads and redemption fees are paid directly by shareholders purchasing or selling the funds. The annual fund operating fees are charged as an annual percentage usually ranging from 1-3%. These fees are assessed to mutual fund investors regardless of the performance of the fund. As you can imagine, in years when the fund doesn’t make money, these fees only magnify losses. Figure 1: Structure of Mutual Fund A mutual is a set up in the form of trust, which has sponsor, trustee, assets management company (AMC) and custodian. Sponsor is the person who acts alone or in combination with another body corporate and establishes a mutual fund. Sponsor must contribute at least 40% of the net worth of the investment managed and meet the eligibility criteria prescribed under the Securities and Exchange Board of India (Mutual Funds) regulations, 1996. The sponsor is not responsible or liable for any loss or shortfall resulting from the operation of the schemes beyond the initial contribution made by it towards setting up of Mutual Fund. The Mutual Fund is constituted as a trust in accordance with the provisions of the Indian Trusts Act, 1882 by the Sponsor. Trustee is usually a company (corporate body) or a board of trustees (body of individuals). The main responsibility of the trustee is to safeguard the interest of the unit holders and also ensure that AMC functions in the interest of investors’ and in accordance with the Securities and Exchange Board of India (Mutual Fund) Regulations 1996 the provisions of the Trust deed and the offer Document of the respective schemes. The AMC is appointed by the Trustees Pritam P. Kothari Shivganga C. Mindargi as the investment Manager of the Mutual Fund. The AMC is required to be approved by SEBI to act as an asset management company of the Mutual Fund. The AMC if so authorized by the Trust Deed appoints the Registrar and Transfer Agent to agent the mutual fund. The registrar processes the application form, redemption requests and dispatches account statements to the unit holders. The Registrar and Transfer agent also handles communications with investors’ and updates investor records. REVIEW OF LITERATURE Lenard et., al. (2003) empirically investigated investor’s attitudes toward mutual funds. The results indicate that the decision to switch funds within a fund family is affected by investor’s attitude towards risk, current asset allocation, investment losses, investment mix, capital base of the fund age, initial fund performance, investment mix, fund and portfolio diversification. The study reported that these factors are crucial to be considered before switching funds regardless of whether they invest in non-employer plans or in both employer and non-employer plans. Bollen (2006) studied the dynamics of investor fund flows in a sample of socially screened equity mutual funds and compared the relation between annual fund flows lagged performance in SR funds to the same relation in a matched sample of conventional funds. The result revealed that the extra-financial SR attribute serves to dampen the rate at which SR investors trade mutual funds. The study noted that the differences between SR funds and their conventional counterparts are robust over time and persist as funds age. The study found that the preferences of SR investors may be represented by conditional multi-attribute utility function (especially when SR funds deliver positive returns). The study remarked that mutual fund companies can expect SR investors to be more loyal than investors in ordinary funds. Walia and Kiran (2009) studied investor’s risk and return perception towards mutual funds. The study examined investors perception towards risk involved in mutual funds, return from mutual funds in comparison to other financial avenues, transparency and disclosure practices. The study investigated  problems of investors encountered with due to unprofessional services of mutual funds. The study found that majority of individual investors doesn’t consider mutual funds as highly risky investment. In fact on a ranking scale it is considered to be on higher side when compared with other financial avenues. The study also reported that significant relationship of interdependence exists between income level of investors and their perception for investment returns from mutual funds investment. Saini et., al. (2011) analyzed investor’s behavior, investors’ opinion and perception relating to various issues like type of mutual fund scheme, its objective, role of financial advisors / brokers, sources of information, deficiencies in the provision of services, investors’ opinion relating to factors that attract them to invest in mutual and challenges before the Indian mutual fund industry etc. The study found that investors seek for liquidity, simplicity in offer documents, online trading, regular updates through SMS and stringent follow up of provisions laid by AMFI. Singh (2012) conducted an empirical study of Indian investors and observed that most of the respondents do not have much awareness about the various function of mutual funds and they are bit confused regarding investment in mutual funds. The study found that some demographic factors like gender, income and level of education have their significant impact over the attitude towards mutual funds. On the contrary age and occupation have not been found influencing the investor’s attitude. The study noticed that return potential and liquidity have been perceived to be most lucrative benefits of investment in mutual funds and the same are followed by flexibility, transparency and affordability. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Mutual funds have their drawbacks and may not be for everyone. No investment is risk free. If the entire stock market declines in value, the value of mutual fund shares will go down as well, no matter how balanced the portfolio. A Study of Investors Attitude towards Mutual Fund with Special Reference to Inversotrs in Solapur City Investors encounter fewer risks when they invest in mutual funds than when they buy and sell stocks on their own. However, anyone who invests through a mutual fund runs the risk of losing money. All funds charge administrative fees to cover their day-to-day expenses. Some funds also charge sales commissions or â€Å"loads† to compensate brokers, financial consultants, or financial planners. When he invests in a mutual fund, they depend on the fund’s manager to make the right decisions regarding the fund’s portfolio. If the invests in Index Funds, they foregoes management risk, because these funds do not employ managers. Though these are the problems in the investment of mutual funds, in the recent days most of the investors preferred to invest their funds on mutual funds. In this background, the research has made an attempt to study the investors’ preference for mutual funds in Solapur City. LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY The present study is based upon the results of survey conducted on 200 mutual fund investors. The implications of the study are subject to the limitations of sample size, psychological and emotional characteristics of surveyed population. SCOPE OF THE STUDY This paper provides Future of Mutual Funds industry information as well as awareness level amongst people for Mutual Funds. Also this project report of Mutual Funds gives an outlook to management as to how the mutual funds are performing in the current market situation as a result what may be the future of this industry. This paper on mutual funds is informative the students who want to understand and undertake assignments in the industry. This study also facilitates the general people who can understand the importance and explore the new option for investment in Mutual Funds. Different financial institutions provide services that are both complementary to and competitive with each other. A well built financial system directly contributes to the growth of the country. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY This study is descriptive in nature based on survey method. The study aims at finding out the attitude of the investors towards investment in mutual funds in Solapur city. This study was based mainly on primary sources. The primary data was collected from the investors of mutual funds with help of the questionnaire. The secondary data were collected from the books, records and journals. By adopting convenience sampling, 200 respondents were selected for this study. The essential data were collected with the help of questionnaire. The data collected from the period of January 2011 to April 2011. DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION Figure: 2 Showing Pattern of Investment Pritam P. Kothari Shivganga C. Mindargi From above figure it is clear that 75% investors are invested in open ended schemes where as 15% invested in closed ended schemes in mutual fund. Figure: 3 Reason for Investment in Mutual Fund From above figure it is clear that and 42% investors say that they invested money in mutual fund for tax assumption. 33% investors say that they invested money in mutual fund for higher returns. 16% investors say that they invested money in mutual fund for value creation in fund. 9% investors say that they invested money in mutual fund for other reason. Figure: 4 Showing the Reason of Investors that not Invested Money in Mutual Fund From above figure is clear that 50% investors say that they not interested to invest money in mutual fund. 33% investors say that they have imperfect knowledge in mutual fund, so they are not invested. 8.5% investors say that they invested in govt. bond. 8.5% investors has other reason so they not invested money in mutual fund. Figure: 5 Showing Type of Investment Investors Should be Preferred A Study of Investors Attitude towards Mutual Fund with Special Reference to Inversotrs in Solapur City From above figure it is clear that investors invest money in fixed deposits. 15 25% investors invest money in gold/real estates. 17% investors invest money in mutual fund. 8% investors invest money in bond/debentures. Remaining 17% investors invest money in shares. Figure: 6 Showing Returns Investor get from their Investment From above figure it is clear that 70% investors are gaining 5-15% returns from their investment. 23% are gaining 15-30% returns from their investment. 5% investors are gaining 30-45% returns from their investment. Remaining only 2% investors is gaining above 45% returns from their investment. Figure: 7 Showing Duration of Investment From above it is clear 80% investors are dealing in short term duration whereas 20% investors are dealing in long term duration. Figure: 8 Showing the Investors Experience in Mutual Fund Pritam P. Kothari Shivganga C. Mindargi From above figure it is clear that 73% investors say that they are having bad experience in mutual fund. 12% investors say that they are having good experience in mutual fund. Remaining 15% investors say that their experience is ok. FINDINGS AND SUGGESTIONS Findings †¢The trend for investment is changing rapidly besides the traditional pattern of investment and people today they are ready to undertake risk and also bear the volatility of changing mutual fund market scenario. †¢This shows that people with Middle Income Group are more attractive this market and are ready to bear the risk. †¢It is observed that 75% investors have invested open ended schemes that they want higher returns on their investment rather than investing in closed ended schemes in mutual fund. †¢It is observed that 42% investors have invested money for tax assumption.33% investors have invested money for higher returns in their investment.16% investors have invested money for value creation in fund. And remaining 9% investors have invested money for other reason. †¢It is observed that 50% investors have not interested to invest money in mutual fund.33% investors have imperfect knowledge so they not invested money in mutual fund.9% investors find govt. securities bond is better that’s way they not invested money in mutual fund. And remaining 8% investors have other reason so they not invested money in mutual fund. †¢It is observed that more businessmen were inclined towards investing in current account. The ladies were inclined to invest their money in Gold and jewelleries. Service class people and retired class people prefer more saving and fixed deposits People with high income. †¢It is observed that 70% investors have invested to getting returns in the range of 5-15% which shows in short span of time they are getting good returns and more than expectations. †¢It is observed that 80% investors have invested in short term duration which indicates the investors have not ready to invest in long term period due to various risks associated with long term duration of investment. †¢On asking how they get knowledge of mutual fund a large number of them attributed to print media. Even banks today follow the role of the investment advisors. Very few get any information from the e-media or Hence, AMCs must increase the awareness about their product through Electronic media (TVs, Cables, Radios etc.) as well as and should not just constrained itself to the print advertisement those who do not read newspaper. SUGGESTIONS Investor’s Point of View The question that entire customer, irrespective of the age group and financial status, think of is- Are mutual funds are a safe option? What makes them safe? The basis of mutual fund industry’s safety is the way the business is defined and regulation of law. Since the mutual fund invests in the capital market instruments, so proper knowledge is essential. Hence the essential requirement is well informed seller and equally informed buyer who  understands and helped them to understand the product (here we can say the capital market and the money market instruments) is the essential preconditions. A Study of Investors Attitude towards Mutual Fund with Special Reference to Inversotrs in Solapur City Being Prudent Investor One Should †¢Ask one’s agent to give details of different schemes and match the appropriate ones. †¢Go to the company records or the fund house regarding any queries if one is not satisfied by the agents. †¢Investors should always keep an eye on the performance of the scheme and other good schemes as well which are available in the market for the closed comparison. †¢Never invest blindly in the investments before going through the fact sheets, annual reports etc. of the company. Since, according to the Guidelines of SEBI The AMCs are bound to disclose all the relevant data that is necessary for the investment purpose of investors. Company’s (Mutual Fund Companies) Point of View  Following measures can be taken by the company for getting higher investments in the mutual fund schemes: †¢Educate the agents or the salesmen properly so that they can take up the queries of the customer effectively. †¢Set up separate customer care divisions where the customers can anytime pose their query, regarding the scheme or the current NAV etc. These customer care units can work out in accordance with the requirements of the customer and facilitates them to choose the scheme that suits their financial status. †¢Conduct seminars or programs about mutual fund where every information about the product is outlined including the risk factor associated with the different classes of assets. †¢Brokers should reduce the brokerage charges for intra day and delivery based so that the investor can save more amounts to generate extra investment for the investor as well as for the Mutual Fund companies. †¢Mutual Fund companies should try to increase the promotion and advertisement strategies for awareness of Mutual fund in solapur city. CONCLUSIONS The mutual fund industry is growing at a tremendous pace. A large number of plans have come up from different financial resources. With the stock markets oaring the investors are attracted towards these schemes. Only a small segment of the investors still in Mutual Funds and the main source  sources of information still are the financial advisors followed by advertisements in different media. The Indian investors generally invest over period of 2-3 years. Also there is a tendency to invest in fixed deposits due to the security attached to it. In order to excel and make mutual funds a success, companies still need to create awareness and understand the psyche of the Indian customer. REFERENCES Agapova, Anna, 2011, „The Role of Money Market Mutual Funds in Mutual Fund Families , Journal of Applied ‟ 1. Finance, Vol. 21, Issue. 1, pp. 87-102. Agarwal, Vikas; Boyson, Nicole M.; Naik, Narayan Y, 2009, „Hedge Funds for Retail Investors? An Examination of Hedged Mutual Funds , Journal of Financial Quantitative Analysis, Vol. 44, Issue 2, pp. 273-305. ‟ 2. 12 Pritam P. Kothari Shivganga C. Mindargi 3. A. Vennila, R. Nandhagopal(2012) â€Å"Investors’ Preference towards Mutual Funds in Coimbatore City European Journal of Social Sciences ISSN 1450-2267 Vol.29 No.1 (2012), pp. 115-125 4. Binod Kumar Singh (2011) â€Å"A Study on Investors’ Attitude towards Mutual Funds as an Investment Option† JOURNAL OF ASIAN BUSINESS STRATEGY, VOL. 1(2): 8-15 5. Badrinath, S.G Gubellini, S, (2011), „On the characteristics and performance of long-short, market-neutral and bear mutual funds , Journal of Banking Finance, Vol. 35 Issue 7, pp.1762-1776. ‟ 6. Dranikoff L, Koller, T. and Schneider, A, â€Å"Divestiture: Strategy’s Missing Link†, Harvard Business Review, May 2002, 80 (5). 7. Dr.Nishi Sharma (2009) â€Å"Indian Inverstors Perception towards mutual funds† Business Management Dynamics Vol.2, No.2, Aug 2012, pp.01-09 8. Gil-Bazo, Javier; Ruiz Verd, Pablo, 2009, „The Relation between Price and Performance in the Mutual Fund Industry , Journal of Finance, Vol. 64, Issue 5, pp. 2153-2183. ‟ 9. Hansen M and Nohria N, â€Å"What’s your Strategy for Managing Knowledge?† Harvard Business Review, MarchApril, 1999, 77 (2).1 10. Journal of Marketing, 32 (October), 65-68, 1968. 11. Rajeswari, T.R., and V.E. RamaMoorthy, 2001, An Empirical Study on Factors Influencing the Mutual Fund Scheme Selection by Retail Investors . Retrieved on May 2010 http://www.utiicm .com/Cmc/PDFs/ ‟ 2001/rajeswari.pdf. 12. Singh, Chander, 2004, „Performance of mutual funds in India – an empirical evidence , ICFAI journal of applied ‟ finance December, pp. 81-98. 13. Subbash C. Jain, â€Å"Marketing Planning and Strategy†, South Western College Publishing, Sixth Edition, 2000. 14. Singh, B. K. and Jha, A.K. 2009, „An empirical study on awareness acceptability of mutual fund , Regional ‟ Student s Conference, ICWAI, pp. 49-55. ‟ 15. Winer, C. Strategic Thinking: An executive Perspective, Upper Saddle River, Prentice Hall, 2000

My Experience With The Internet And Education English Language Essay

My Experience With The Internet And Education English Language Essay The Internet. What it has done for me educational and scholastically is nothing short of a miracle. With the recent events of the past three years I couldnt have possibly even imagined that I could get a college education and a degree in accounting without the use of the Internet. I am old enough to remember life before the World Wide Web. I remember hearing that term in the early days; the World Wide Web. I couldnt even comprehend what they were talking about. The web; whats that? Computers in our homes; that cant be possible? Or could it? It was possible and it did come to pass. And the world has been forever changed because of it. My story begins as I approach the age of forty-nine and make a monumental decision to return to school. I thought to myself, You must be crazy. But with the unrest and dissatisfaction with my then current work situation, school made sense. But still, with the thought of working full time, and I mean full time, it was a daunting task that I had set before me. The fact that I worked in a manufacturing environment, worked rotating shifts, weekends, and put in somewhere between fifty to sixty hours per week, made attending school through normal channels very unrealistic. The thoughts dancing in my head to go back to school started in that summer of 2007. I was very unhappy with my job and with my bosses and had contemplated several times to just walk out the door. It was my wife who gave me some good advice and said, If you are so unhappy, quit complaining and whining about your situation and do something about it. She was absolutely correct. So on Saturday August 18, 2007 on the last da y of fall registration at Illinois Central College in Peoria, Illinois my wife said, Lets go and off we went. We arrived at the registration office at 1:45 p.m. with only fifteen minutes before the office closed. A wonderful lady helped me get registered within those last fifteen minutes of registration and my journey was about to begin. I signed up for three classes that fall, two were Internet classes and one was a correspondence course. One must realize that I had had no college experience in my life and to start out with just Internet classes was a little unnerving. So armed with a newfound determination and a very supportive wife, my journey into the unknown realm of Internet education began. My first foray into an online class was a real eye opener. My first class was an English composition class. I hadnt written a formal paper in thirty years and here I was required to write an essay using MLA to cite my references. What the heck was MLA? So, to the Internet I went and did a Google search of MLA, and I was off and running and I havent stopped yet. The Internet has proven to be such an invaluable resource for doing school work, especially when it comes to writing papers. The amount of time and effort saved by doing online research is just incomprehensible. Two things come to mind when I think about that first semester of school is that it could have never been accomplished without the Internet; the time to actually take the courses and the time to devote to research for writing assignments. Neither could have been accomplished without the Internet. Working fifty plus hours a week like I did didnt leave much time to devote to going to college, but with the advent of onlin e classes it has become a reality for me. The convenience associated with taking online courses is just fantastic. For example, when I worked afternoon turn, I would get home around eleven oclock p.m., go to my home office space and do school work on the computer until about two or three in the morning. A benefit if the Internet to me is the flexibility it gives in not only time but environment. For example my wife and I were actually able to go on a short vacation and I could still maintain contact with my school load. I took a laptop with us and through the use of Wi-Fi; I was able to connect no matter where we were at and still do my homework, take quizzes and maintain pace with my course and not fall behind. It was great and I could really relax when I got done with the school work. Again the Internet is a great benefit and tool and one that I do not take for granted or lightly. I was always under the misconception that I could not return to college and earn a degree as long as I worked a full time job. Boy was I wrong about that. With the advent of the Internet everything has changed. There are no more time constraints, no more geographical restraints, no more anything. It is all at your fingertips anytime of the day or night. This was not the first time that I had contemplated going back to school. In the late nineteen-eighties I was facing long layoffs and the very real possibility of losing my job. I considered going back to school at that time to pursue a degree but with a wife and a young baby and the fact that my wife did not work, I couldnt afford not to work and go to school full time. I did consider going to school part time but with all the family obligations and what not, I talked myself out of doing it then because I couldnt see the light at the end of the tunnel. I just couldnt see the end only the present long road to get there. That was the second biggest mistake of my life. The first one being not going to college right out of high school. After working in the steel industry for thirty years I am finally paying for my decision to abstain from going to college right after high school, in lieu of a good paycheck. Hindsight is a wonderful thing. Back in 1988 there were no Internet classes to take, so the only option was to go to school in person and that takes time. Time I didnt have or time I didnt want to devote to this end. Ah, to be young and stupid. One of the many challenges that I faced was in my second semester when I took my first accounting core class online. That was not a pleasant experience. I was definitely getting a C in the class with one test to go. The professor made things even harder for me when he changed the rules in the middle of the semester. When we started the class the online tests allowed you to go back and work problems if you skipped them. But for some reason, unbeknownst to me, he decided to make it so if you passed a question you couldnt go back. So if you were stuck on a problem then you had a decision to make. Either you moved on and missed the question or you stayed on the current problem and in my opinion, waste valuable time that you would need to complete the test. I decided for the last exam to just take my time and work the problems one at a time consecutively and I would finish what I could get finished and my grade would be what it would be. Well, I didnt finish the exam but what I did finish must have been good enough to push my grade to a B for the semester. I never did find out what I scored on that final exam and I really dont know how I got that grade, but I was thankful all the same. It was after this class that I decided no more online accounting classes for me. This would be my one departure from taking as many online classes as possible. There are so many advantages of taking online classes for me, but mainly that I can attend a class at anytime, from anywhere. I can attend classes no matter what work schedule I am working and I can even attend when traveling, whether it be for business or pleasure, I can access my classes from anywhere in the United States that has Internet access. Being that the course material is available twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week, gives me the opportunity to re-read lectures, discussions, explanations and comments. Another nice benefit is that being behind a computer screen can give me anonymity and provides a less intimidating atmosphere then I would encounter in the actual classroom. Taking Internet classes gives me time to formulate my thoughts making me able to think about my replies as to when, how, and what to say. I can post my comments when I am ready. This is a real benefit becomes sometimes when you are in a classroom situation and the conversation is moving and other people are interacting, sometimes you cant get your point of view out until the discussion has passed you by and by that time it is too late to comment. This online environment has also made it so I can talk more openly with my teachers and other students. I have noticed that I am a little bit more assertive in an online class than I am in real life. I used to think that was a bad thing but I believe it has been helpful as it is encouraging me to speak up and to voice my opinion when presented the opportunity. I believe in the long run this will be a benefit to me in the working business world where I will need to speak up when needed. Another great benefit about Internet based education is that you can access the colleges library from the comfort of your home at any time of the day or night. You can research articles, eBook content, and check the availability of normal book material which you can reserve and pick up at your convenience. This has been a great time saver for me, which as someone who works full time, this has been a true lifesaver, giving time back to me that I so desperately need. Another benefit to taking online courses is what I call the low cost association. By that I mean not necessarily dollars and cents, but other tangible things, such as no expenses outlaid for gas and wear and tear on my automobile. And again, the time it gives back to my life. This fact alone is unfathomable because time is just about the most important commodity a person can have. The ability to earn a degree online began in 1989 with the University of Phoenix offering classes to help students earn bachelors and masters degrees (3). Online education has expanded throughout the past decade as evidenced by studies done by Babson Survey Research Group, the Sloan Consortium, and the College Board. According to their statistics, online enrollment was at over 3.9 million students during the fall semester of 2007. That correlates to more than twenty percent of all college students enrolled in postsecondary education are now taking online classes (8). And the trend is continuing with research numbers showing that by the end of 2002 over eighty-four percent of all four-year accredited colleges and universities were offering online education classes (2). Today it is even possible to earn a degree without ever stepping a foot on a college campus. John Campbell remarked in a discussion thread reply about the dangers that can be associated with taking classes from a virtual college, which is a college with no physical campus (1). He pointed to a very good article about the possibility of being scammed in the pursuit of an online degree. In the article it relayed the sad story of a womans online degree being worthless. This points out the very important fact to research the possible online college candidate and make sure that the degree indeed comes from an accredited university. The article referenced what is labeled degree mills, which hand out diplomas that arent even worth the paper they are printed on (4). Johns comment was about the importance of taking college classes from an accredited college and not a virtual college. A point well taken, but there are in fact, several good virtual colleges today with Jones International Univers ity being the first accredited college in1996 to exist fully online (6). Mr. Campbell also brought up a good point with this question, Are online educations taken seriously in the business world? With the advent of just about every college in the nation offering Intent classes the answer is yes. The business world places great faith in online degrees, but also adds that more respectability is accomplished when going through an already established and accredited college as say a Duke University (4). Mickey Killman brought up the question about the advantages and disadvantages of obtaining a degree through online sources (7). A major advantage of pursuing online degrees or taking a mostly Internet curriculum is that youre showing potential future employers that you have initiative, ambition, and drive to do what it takes to get the job done. You are demonstrating that you will be a self motivated and reliable employee. Continuing this thought, recent research shows that employers today are much more enthusiastic about people that pursue Internet degrees than they were in years past (5). In fact, sources such as Careerbuider.com say many employers stand up and take notice of people who can demonstrate the ability and the desire to seek online degrees (8). And to reiterate this thought even more and how the business world has changed its opinion of online education listen to how Jack Welch, former CEO of General Electric, responded to this question, Would you hire someone with an online business degree? To count out a candidate based on an online degree may be shortsighted, he responded. People working all day and studying online all night have the kind of grrrr most companies could use.(9) I think that pretty much says it all with regards to the importance of Internet education. Ive often thought during my journey when I looked down the dark tunnel of education and saw a light, I wondered is that the light at the end of the tunnel or is it the headlight of an oncoming train coming to run me over. With only summer session and this fall semester to go, I am convinced now it is the light at the end of the tunnel. Hallelujah!

Primal Scenes in Americana and White Noise :: White Noise Essays

Primal Scenes in Americana and White Noise Written in 1989, Frank Letricchia's essay on the overriding themes of Don DeLillo's writing offers a short but concise praise of two of DeLillo's major works: Americana and White Noise. Letricchia offers the thesis in his essay that "two scenes in DeLillo's fiction are primal for his imagination of America" (Osteen 413). It seems that Letricchia is using "primal" not to denote an animalistic sense, but more along the lines of a basic need. The first of these primal scenes takes place in DeLillo's first book, Americana (Osteen 413). In a particular part of this novel, DeLillo describes the invention of America as the invention of the television (Osteen 413). One of his characters even describes it as having "came over on the Mayflower," which Letricchia interprets as meaning not television itself came over, but the desire for a "universal third-person" (Osteen 414). Letricchia argues that television offers to modern Americans today what the Pilgrims' ships offered to immigrants on the old days: something to dream about (Osteen 414). Even DeLillo writes that "To consume in America is not to buy; it is to dream," which, according to Letricchia is to say "that it is not the consummation of desire but the foreplay of desire that is TV advertising's object" (Osteen 414). Which is to say, it is not the advertisements job to make you buy something, only to make you want to buy it, a point I find to be not only accurate, but so mewhat disturbing as well. The second "primal scene" that Letricchia touches on comes from the book White Noise. In the book, there is a small but significant part in which two of the main characters drive twenty miles outside of town in order to visit a tourist attraction known as "The most photographed barn in America" (Osteen 415). While this is the surface subject of the passage, Letricchia asserts that the underlying issue at hand is actually "a new kind of representation as a new kind of excitement" (Osteen 415). In the scene from the book, the characters stand among crowds of people that are taking pictures of a very ordinary barn. One of the characters (Murray Siskind) begins a monologue about the fact that no one there has come to see the barn, but only "to be part of a collective perception" (Osteen 12).

Romeo and Juliet Rough Draft(Why Romeo Is Most Infleuntial Towards Other Characters)

Romeo and Juliet In Shakespeare’s play, Romeo and Juliet made decisions that lead to them both dying, which they could have avoided. Romeo causes Mercutio’s death by trying to stop Tybalt and Mercutio from fighting. â€Å"I am hurt. A plague o’ both houses! I am sped. † Mercutio says this after Romeo intervenes and causes Tybalt to stab Mercutio. He curses them by plaguing both houses, causing bad luck. Mercutio then dramatically shouts his death by saying, â€Å"I am sped. † â€Å"Romeo attempts to beat down their rapiers. Tybalt stabs Mercutio. This quote describes Romeo attempting to stop Tybalt and Mercutio from fighting. Tybalt then in result of Romeo intervening, stabs Mercutio. These kinds of evidence clearly states how greatly influential Romeo is to the other characters and the outcome of the play. Romeo left before the messenger gets there, so he did not know about the plan, therefore causing his and Juliet’s death. â€Å"Thy drug s are quick. Thus with a kiss I die. † Romeo hears about Juliet’s death but not the plan. So to join her in her death, he drinks a poison potion and kills himself.He kisses Juliet before he dies thinking he died in peace with her. â€Å"This is thy sheath. There rust, and let me die. † After seeing Romeo lying there dead, Juliet first tries to lick up and poison remaining on Romeo’s lips. Since there is nothing left, she turns to a rusted sword to stab herself and join him. Now, Romeo causes Juliet’s real death by drinking that potion, thinking that he’s joined her. So, Romeo influenced Juliet and him to make bad decisions, partly based on insufficient knowledge.

Nora Should Stay essays

Nora Should Stay essays Ibsen made a very controversial act, by having Nora leave her husband and her family. After first reading the play I thought that what Nora did was the right thing to do. But after thinking about I now realize that wasn't the right thing to do. Yes, Torvald was not the best husband in the world, but Nora should have considered that before she married him. To turn your back on your spouse is one thing, but to turn your back on your children is another. Nora was around in an era were women were looked down upon, not considered equal to men, so it would be hard for her to find a job. If Nora were to leave her Torvald she would have no were to go. Nora was a doll all of her life, first to her father then to Torvald, if she were to leave more then likely she would just become someone else's doll. Torvald was not the best husband in the world, but Nora chose to marry him. Nora never really got a chance to know Torvald. Torvald had his eye on Nora from the beginning. So he help her father and for that Nora was grateful, and thus became Mr. & Mrs. Helmer. It sounds like a very romantic story, but little did Nora know what would be in store for her. Torvald treated Nora like she was his child, I guess that is because he took no part in raising his children the he and Nora had together. If Nora would have taken the time to find out if Torvald was the one for her, then maybe it wouldn't have taken her eight years to realize that she never really loved him. If you are unhappy in your home then you leave your spouse, but you are never to leave your children. Even though Nora never really spent much time with her children she loved them to death. When Nora finally decided to turn her back on Torvald she decided to turn her back on her children as well. It might not have affected the children right away, but eventually it would have. Girls need a women figure to talk to about female things. Not only that but if Nora left and then later on down the ...

Guide to Writing Argumentative Essays in Accounting From A to Z

Guide to Writing Argumentative Essays in Accounting From A to Z First of all, an argumentative essay is a paper that talks about various aspects of a particular problem. Introduction of the thoughts can be similarly adjusted, or one view might be delineated more persuading in contrast with others. The essayist’s position ought to be explicit and clear. An argumentative paper intends to analyze the issue from different viewpoints to give a reasonable contention. The author needs to do profound research, assess proof, and set up a situation on the subject in a concise way. An argumentative essay in accounting should refer to a set of business practices that focus on maintaining and checking the integrity of financial records, funds, accounts, and internal and external transactions. The paper can be based on any aspect of accounting functions, processes, and its application in the modern world. Accounting is associated with the complex topic of finance, and therefore it is essential that the writer possesses deep knowledge in the subject unde r discussion in order to make the argumentative essay convincing enough for the concerned part of the audience. Choosing a Topic for an Argumentative Essay in Accounting Choosing a topic for an argumentative essay in accounting is certainly not a troublesome assignment because there is a wide assortment of interesting subjects that can be examined. In addition, the essayist should discover a subject that would intrigue the readers and present new data. One should try to pick an issue that is not generally researched to attract the attention of the audience. Besides, the essayist can also present a brand new way to deal with a common issue. These are the topics that might help to come up with the idea for your argumentative essay in accounting: Why Is Auditing Important? The Internet Has a Significant Impact on Accounting Information Systems; The Best Way to Manage Personal Finances; The Most Effective Way to Use Accountancy with Trade; How Will the Future of Accountancy Look Like? Is the Knowledge about Taxes Essential for Modern Citizens? The Most Efficient Accounting System Used in Banking. Pre-Writing Tips The choice of an issue for discourse is substantial progress in the pre-writing stage. The writer should remember that the determination of an issue for an argumentative paper in accounting has a few specific features. For example, to keep away from inclinations, the author should not have a passionate attitude towards the subject. Besides, the argumentation ought to be founded on approved facts, precise information, and studies that present useful and applicable data to the readers. Moreover, in order to support the central ideas of the paper, the author should incorporate references and up-to-date sources. Likewise, the essayist should not include blank sentences in his or her paper, such as general facts or unnecessary and extensive details. In turn, the best method to compose a solid and persuasive argumentative essay in accounting is to focus specifically on the topic under discussion. Additionally, it is essential to mention that the author of an argumentative essay should not forget that such kind of paper must include thorough and detailed research. In this manner, it is required to examine a variety of published sources. To gather the necessary information, the writer should study and take notes from different surveys, interviews, and experiments. This process is important in order to understand the selected subject and to see different perspectives on the issue around it. What is more important, the essayist should never overestimate his or her insight regarding the chosen topic. In contrast, the writer should strive to expand his\her understanding by conducting thorough research and gathering new pieces of information. Thus, it would be of great advantage to utilizing articles from peer-reviewed scholarly journals to promote the formation of persuasive argumentation for the essay. The essayist should always remember that the foundation of any successful argumentative paper involves the application of data from authoritative scholarly sources. Therefore, discovering credible and relevant sources has a significant benefit for a pre-writing process. Besides, when beginning writing an argumentative paper, one should remember that even a short outline is always helpful during the first stages of the writing process. Particularly, one can write down a sentence for each segment of the essay, including an introductory phrase fragment, thesis statement, body sentences, and conclusion. Similarly, such an outline should include relevant quotes from the studied literature in order to support the essay’s claims. The author should concentrate on displaying the most pivotal subtleties that depend on a comprehensive examination. Structure of an Argumentative Essay The structure of an argumentative paper in accounting reflects a common structure of an academic essay. In such a manner, the paper begins with an introduction paragraph that examines the significance of the issue. In turn, a thesis statement, which is a crucial part of this section, is the last sentence or sentences (if the paper is extensive and requires more space for thesis) of the passage. Body sections are meant to examine various aspects of the subject. Thus, they ought to incorporate foundation data, pieces of evidence, and counterarguments. Argumentative essays usually consist of two body sections and one refutation paragraph. There are, however, various complex topics that require detailed analysis. In this manner, an argumentative paper that examines a few research sources may incorporate more than three body sections. The final section of an essay is a concluding one, which presents a summary of the paper’s ideas and starts from the restatement of the thesis statem ent. Introduction An argumentative essay in accounting begins with an introductory paragraph that presents the subject of the paper comprehensively. The very first sentence of a paper ought to exclude a particular detail and, in turn, become a hook of readers’ attention. In other words, the introduction must draw in the audience and express the central claim. Besides, the essayist ought to clarify the significance and topicality of the issue. Introduction of the background information might assist readers in understanding the author’s point. Additionally, it is essential to mention that an argumentative paper in accounting needs to incorporate clarifications of used concepts and key terms. The last sentence of an introductory section is a thesis statement that introduces the fundamental ideas of the essay and the position of the author regarding the issue. The following examples of right and wrong thesis statement might help you understand how to compose a solid thesis. Incorrect: ‘Accounting ethics plays a significant role in the field of accountancy.’ As you see, this thesis statement is too broad and does not concretize and present the arguments of the paper. Correct: ‘Accounting ethics plays a significant role in the field of accountancy, since accounting is a means through which public services are delivered to people, and this profession serves public interests on the bases of moral judgments and valuations.’ In turn, this thesis statement presents a narrow topic and clearly states its arguments. Therefore, it introduces the subject matter to the audience and makes people aware of the essay’s purpose. Body Paragraphs The writer should always remember that the body sections of an argumentative paper ought to be coherently sorted out and have a specific structure. In this manner, each body section should start with a topic sentence that presents its central idea. In addition, each body paragraph must be devoted to the discussion of only one particular thought; it will make the paper look clear and concise. What is more important, the essayist needs to remember that body sections must be directly related and logically connected to the ideas presented in the thesis statement. A solid argumentative paper ought to consider various perspectives concerning the issue. Thus, the most effective approach to compose a successful essay is to talk about the clashing sides of the subject. Keep in mind that each of the body sections should also introduce supporting materials in order to make the idea expressed in the topic sentences look credible. Particularly, the essay’s arguments must be backed up with outside sources, including relevant books, peer-reviewed scholarly articles, and studies. Thus, it is critical to utilize authoritative sources to make the paper increasingly compelling. As a rule, the first body section is the foundation part. In other words, it provides the audience with a piece of background information to deepen people’s knowledge connected with the discussed issue. Likewise, it can incorporate the clarification of the accounting theories that are going to be used, ideas, and meanings of particular terms. Besides, the essayist can outline the utilized scholarly literature to give the premise to his or her claims. The subsequent body passage switches the focus to the argumentation itself, as well as a demonstration of the displayed ideas. As it was mentioned above, the supporting details here might assist the readers with understanding the issue. In this manner, the author should implement in-text citations from authoritative sources and provide the explanation to them, showing how his or her interpretation speaks to the paper’s argumentation. This section ought to be well-organized and present specifics of the point to the audience. The last passage of the body section includes a counterargument that intends to show the contrary perspective on the issue. As a matter of fact, it will help to make the paper’s argumentation look objective and unbiased. At the same time, however, the writer should explain to the audience why the argument presented in the essay is more credible than the opposing perspective. In any case, the author ought to abstain from considering contradicting views as off-base since an argumentative essay requires that they must be equally considered and rationally disproved. Conclusion The concluding paragraph is the last section of an argumentative essay. Here the writer should make a summary of the main theme of the work. The essayist ought to rehash the claim and the supporting pieces of evidence to help the audience to remember the primary arguments. In turn, it is critical to keep in mind that the concluding paragraph should not present any new information or proofs that were not mentioned in the body section. The writer can not only to rehash the thesis statement but also exhibit explicit bits of knowledge into the subject matter. Besides, toward the finish of the passage, there is a closing sentence that clarifies the value of the essay’s argument. Furthermore, the author can specify further research that can be possibly conducted on this particular topic based on the outcomes of his or her work. Post-Writing Tips At the point when a draft of an argumentative essay is done, the author should reread it to check sentence structure and vocabulary. Furthermore, it is critical to focus on the lucidness and consistency of the work. The language used in the essay ought to correspond to the writer’s academic level. Additionally, correct spelling and punctuation are fundamental for a solid paper because flawless grammar helps the essayist in convincing the audience in the credibility of his or her claim. Besides, in order to make the paper coherent, it might be effective to utilize transitional words, such as ‘moreover, however, furthermore, besides, on the one\on the other hand, and so on’. The subsequent stage of the post-writing process can include asking peers for assistance in rereading and analyzing the paper. In such a manner, it might be particularly useful since they will double-check sentence structure, vocabulary, and the text itself. Besides, their bits of knowledge can help with understanding whether the essay is written in a coherent way. The commentators can point out some of the used accounting terms or ideas that are not clarified enough. Moreover, reading the paper to someone is an effective approach to make sure that the essay’s argumentation is logical and comprehensible. Additionally, while rereading the essay, it is important to pay attention to whether the in-text citation is properly used, as well as to the formatting of the reference page. The author should remember that all quotes ought to be cited, even the paraphrased parts since otherwise, it will be considered as plagiarism and will lead to the failure of the paper. Besides, the appropriate format of citations will allow the readers to discover the information that the author alludes to in the essay. Moreover, it is essential to check whether the formatting style corresponds to the one required by the educator. Similarly, the writer should check for some general mistakes that are characteristic of argumentative essays. For example, the essayist ought to maintain a particular structure of the sections, and keep in mind that the repetition of similar ideas in the separate body paragraph will inevitably have an adverse impact on the final result. Moreover, it is essential to double-check whether the fundamental claims of the essay and the pieces of evidence are logically connected between each other. The last critical improvement of the draft is to rewrite all questionable fragments and correct mistakes. At the point when the paper is prepared, the author can glance through the essay and fix minor misstep, such as double space between words or indents between the paragraphs. When all those steps are completed, the article can be submitted, and it is likely that it will succeed and receive a good mark. References Argumentative Essays. (n.d.). Owl Purdue. Retrieved from https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/general_writing/academic_writing/essay_writing/argumentative_essays.html Writing Guide for Accounting Students. (n.d.). Accounting.com. Retrieved from https://www.accounting.com/resources/writing-guide/ Wendy, Ikemoto. (2018, March 15). What is an Argumentative Essay?. BibMe. Retrieved from bibme.org/blog/updates/what-is-an-argumentative-essay/ Kearney, Virginia. (2019, April 10). How to Write an Argumentative Essay Step by Step. Owlcation. Retrieved from https://owlcation.com/academia/How-to-Write-an-Argument-Essay Fleming, Grace. (2019, May 20). Tips on How to Write an Argumentative Essay. ThoughtCo. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/write-an-argument-essay-1856986

Wrapping Things Up and Rapping Things Up

Wrapping Things Up and Rapping Things Up Wrapping Things Up and â€Å"Rapping Things Up† Wrapping Things Up and â€Å"Rapping Things Up† By Maeve Maddox In commenting on a post about wracking vs racking, reader MsB requested a post on the words wrap and rap, as in wrapping things up or rapping things up. A web search reveals numerous occurrences of the expression â€Å"rapping things up,† used deliberately in a punning sense in connection with rap music. Many more, however, are unintentional errors for the term wrapping things up in the sense of â€Å"bringing things to a conclusion.† Video headline on facebook Rapping Things Up (The topic seems to be the close of a family event in a park. The narrator begins the video by saying that his purposes is â€Å"to w/rap things up.†) Comment on a television fan site Flash Forward is hopefully rapping things up this season and not leaving a cliffhanger the end of the season. Comments on a television fan site What did you think of [Patriots and Tyrants]? I think they did an amazing job rapping things up in such a short time. Computer instruction article In rapping things up i want to say that i hope this tutorial has helped you guys who are new to flash and know nothing about it. Article offering tips for writing term papers on an official university site (!) You are done providing new information in support of your thesis and are rapping things up. In its literal sense, the verb to wrap means To cover, enwrap, or swathe (a person or part of the body) by enfolding in a cloth or the like; in later use esp., to envelop or enshroud with a garment; to attire, garb, clothe in an enfolding garment. Occas. refl. Also with advs., as about, around, round. OED The verb, derived from a word meaning â€Å"to turn† or â€Å"to wind,† was in use in the early 14th century. The noun wrap is recorded in the early 15th century. The sense of â€Å"woman’s garment† is recorded from 1827. The film expression, â€Å"It’s a wrap,† appeared in print in 1974. Expressions with wrap: wrap it up: to bring to a conclusion. The lecturer wrapped up his remarks with an amusing anecdote. wrap it up: to shut up. I wish that boring speaker would wrap it up! wrap something around: to crash a vehicle into a stationary object. Jackson wrapped his new BMW around a utility post. a wrap: a finished process. O.K, everybody, that’s a wrap! under wraps: in concealment. The producer is keeping the subject of the new series under wraps until he’s sure of funding. The word rap will get a post of its own. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Farther vs. Further50 Idioms About Arms, Hands, and FingersThe Difference Between "Un-" and "Dis-"

MACRO Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

MACRO - Essay Example It will also considered about the various issues and challenges related to economic growth, unemployment, inflation, and the balance of payment and the exchange rate Economic growth is often defined as the increase in the market value to the quantity of goods and services produced by the economy over the period of time. Economic growth can be measured in terms of the increase in the per capita gross domestic product (GDP) (The Saylor Foundation, 2014). Accordingly, the GDP growth rate of the UK has been identified to demonstrate constant fluctuation. The UK economy is ascertained to face with strong headwinds and challenges. Contextually, the sluggish progress of the global economy along with uncertainty related to euro zone is identified to generate considerable headwinds for the nation’s economy. Output of the economy has remained flat for the last two years demonstrating 3% lower than it was at peak. Besides, private consumption is identified to restrain particularly due to reducing real disposable income, precautionary saving, tight access to credit and deleveraging. Likewise, private investment is also ascertained to be suffering fro m declining demand for goods and services, increased uncertainty and rigid financial conditions. The sluggish growth experienced by the trading partners particularly in Europe has eroded the hopes of quick recovery from the challenges faced by the economy. Declining non-price competitiveness and the limited market share held by the UK in the emerging markets of the world has also hampered the rate of export growth. Notably, high household debt, alongside limited access to mortgages is reckoned to have continuous impact on the residential investment (Wehinger, 2011). According to Office for Budget Responsibility (OBR), GDP growth rate of the economy is expected to be raised by 2.7 % in the year 2014. The OBR has warned about the prediction

Hagar Currie Shipley Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Hagar Currie Shipley - Essay Example She does manage, however, to marry the exciting, thrilling and rebellious part of the human spirit to the hard-working, achieving and socially acceptable side finally, in her grandchildren. Through all of this, Laurence makes Hagar an unforgettable character because we learn through the book she is a real person with wants and needs and dreams. As the reader learns, Hagar Shipley's dreams were so simple, she didn't even know what they were until it was almost too late. At three crucial points in the book, Hagar speaks about the things she wants. The first time is a bluff. When Hagar returns from two years at school "down East," she confronts her father about what she plans to do. "I want to teach. I can get the South Wachakwa school," she defiantly tells him (p. 43). But it is as though she expects a conflict, and is even looking forward to one. She knew that her father was just like her -- very stubborn and blunt -- and she goes in to the confrontation with full knowledge of his response. What it appears that Hagar wants is not to teach, but some affection from her father, or even just some sign that he is capable of affection. The only time Hagar ever saw him express anything resembling an emotion was when she hid in the chokecherry bush at the cemetery as he and No-Name Lottie Drieser's mother apparently terminate an affair (or attempted affair) after the death of her husband. During the confrontation with her father, he reaches an even higher level of rage, which he takes out on the newel post, the knobby carving at the top of the wooden stair railing. He wrings the neck beneath the head-like newel post like the neck of a person. When he expresses, however briefly, that he needs her around, he grips her hand so tightly, it hurts. Instead of recognizing their need for each other, and for the simple expression of affection that is natural for a father and daughter, the encounter ends badly. Hagar pulls away as though she had just touched a hot stove. She has gotten what she wanted: a sign that she is important to him, but in all her pride, cannot go after him when he goes outside. In this she is just like him; they are both proud in destructive ways. This first simple dream, to be loved by one's parent, remains out of her reach because Hagar lets it remain there. At this point in the book, three years pass quickly. Hagar has done what her father wanted, ex cept she rejects all his suitors. In short order, she meets Brampton Shipley and embarks on an ill-advised marriage that flouts everything she was raised to believe. The next time Hagar speaks of a dream, it is many years later when she has returned to the Shipley home while her estranged husband Bram is dying. She insists that what she wants is for her younger son John to be happy. By this point, Hagar has identified John as the true heir of her father, rejecting her hard-working but plain older son Marvin. She has refused, all these years, to see that John is like Bram, and John is the one who must tell her. She had a clue many years before when she gave John her father's clan pin and he just sticks it in his pocket. John later trades the pin for a worthless knife, which ultimately is worth only a pack of cigarettes. The sightless stone angel cannot be expected to see clearly, but the relentlessly prideful Hagar just refuses to. " 'You always bet on the wrong horse,' John said gently. 'Marv was your

Developmental Influences in the Prenatal Eveironment Essay

Developmental Influences in the Prenatal Eveironment - Essay Example Regardless of the conditions, it is a well-known fact among health care professionals that those women bearing a child are always exposed to factors may it be genetic predispositions, teratogenic agents or even stresses levels. Throughout the course of the gestational period, the woman as well as her partner and family support must be sufficiently equipped with the appropriate knowledge and latest information regarding childbirth. With a huge number of factors to consider, the only weapon that will effectively combat any hazards is knowledge. It is imperative that people have the correct understanding of the determined elements that greatly influence this miraculous bearing of a life inside one’s womb. Developmental Influences in Prenatal Environment Fortunately, in a specialized study and field of medicine, there have been already extensive researches and study about the most significant determinants whether for the worse or better effects on the process. Among the vast array of agents that bear bad effects, prescription drugs, caffeine, use of tobacco and alcohol are the worst because it is associated with a person’s lifestyle. Furthermore, some pregnant women are skeptical about the accuracy of such advices as these habits do not really cause harm to the health of the mother. However, once the baby is born, the effects become more apparent on the neonate and it might already be too late. First and foremost, prescription drugs, particularly thalidomide which was the earliest detected harmful drug, have been proven to cause congenital defects such as absence of limbs. This caused such an alarm and elicited immediate and subsequent researches on other drugs that would otherwise be therapeutic in normal conditions. The results conclude the detrimental effects that anticoagulants, anticonvulsants, selected antibiotics and artificial hormones bear on the fetus. Moreover, drinking caffeinated beverages are declared to be harmful despite the lack of em pirical basis. While it is still unclear of the possible outcomes of coffee or tea as well as some carbonated soda intake, it would be wise to stay away from them or at least limit the amount. The expecting mother should stay on the safe side and not risk the spontaneous abortion or low birth weight infant that often results with caffeine. Smoking and alcoholism are considerations that have tremendous significance. Even when not pregnant, these two lifestyle choices already have a questionable effect on the health of an individual; what more with pregnant women who have heightened sensitivity to a number of environmental factors? Based on the previous cases, there are many possible ill outcomes on the smoking mother’s developing fetus. Neonates with low birth weight or congenital defects are the most prevalent reactions but the worst possibility is death of the infant. The nicotine’s degree of effect is also dependent on the dosage. Alcoholism during pregnancy is carri es along with it the serious, ill consequences. They have even established the fetal alcohol syndrome which equals a group of anomalies and malformations in the brain, eyes, hearts, head, joints and face. The connection between the amount of alcohol allowable to the detrimental effect is still a blur. Therefore, to guarantee the absence of such physical and cognitive deformities, it will be wise to maintain sobriety as well as stay away from the occasional drinking throughout the whole gestational period.

Of Emilie Carles' book is The Transformation of a Countrywoman Essay

Of Emilie Carles' book is The Transformation of a Countrywoman - Essay Example This paper makes an attempt to show the challenges that Emilie Carles was confronted with as a teacher and a woman. Her contributions are also discussed. Emilie Carles Emilie Carles was born at a time when women were considered lesser human beings. Her life was full of challenges. When she was six, she fell off a two storey building, but fortunately survived (Carles and Robert 5). The village where she lived led a harsh life. When she was just four years, her mother passed on while working in a farm after being struck by lightning (Carles and Robert 7). Her siblings also passed on. It was fortunate that death spared her. Furthermore, when she started attending school, fate seemingly sided with her temporarily and she was sponsored to continue her studies to high school. She wanted to become a teacher and later she became one. Emilie Carles was an extraordinary teacher and woman. Despite going through a troubled childhood, she was able to pick the lessons that needed to be passed on t o the next generation. Her wish to be a teacher was more because of her strong desire to teach kids to question what they were told. She believed that children were very vulnerable and needed to be told the truth because what they were told was what would shape their lives. ... She believed that the real change in the society could be realized if teachers helped the youngsters to shatter the barriers they were locked in. The people were made to believe that participation in wars was a show of patriotism when in the real sense it was only the political leaders and career soldiers who benefited while the common people heavily suffered. After being married, she lost her child to a military truck. Her pain was intense, nevertheless she even became more formidable to stand up for what was right. During World War II, her husband was on top of the list for potential hostages for German soldiers. Despite all these, she was committed to telling the truth to the youngsters in schools. Her spirit to fight against the abuses of the government on its people continued even after her retirement from teaching. She went on to fight for her community and encouraged her people to fight for their rights. At one time, she led fellow citizens to stop a freeway being constructed through the valley (her village). This freeway was not going to benefit the local community in any manner but rather destroy it (Carles and Robert 250). The contributions that Emilie Carles made to her community are immeasurable. She was a watchdog for her community all her life. She knew her people were ignorant and that the politicians took advantage of this societal ignorance. She was disgusted by the fact that politicians could repeat the same words since 1789 and the people never seemed to note the monotony (Carles and Robert 252). Definitely, she is an example of a strong willed person who went against all odds to stand up for what was right. Her strong determination saw her overcome pain and the many challenges she faced. It is worth noting that the challenges were strong given

Community Reinvestment Act Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Community Reinvestment Act - Essay Example Bylsma (1997) included comments from interagency letter that was forwarded to him this implication: "Examiners will presume that an activity revitalizes or stabilizes a low- or moderate-income geography if the activity has been approved by the governing board of an Although the four financial regulatory agencies neither endorse nor certify particular lending or investment products, this implication keeps businesses that are applying for credit accountable to the banking institutions. Banking institutions carry a burden too and are held accountable to the community and said geography. Banks must help meet the credit needs of their communities. There are many federal regulations that the banking institutions must meet. These include, but are definitely performance tests, standards, and ratings; lending tests; investment tests; strategic planning; data collection, reporting, and disclosure; content and availability for public file, etc. Having stated this, banking institutions are being held accountable to their communities. I do not think the Community Reinvestment Act is taken seriously because there were much planning and work involved. The designation and duties of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, the Officer of the Comptroller of Currency, Office of Thrift Supervisors, and Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (just to name of few) comprise of so much detail and responsibilities.

Screening America in Hollywood Film Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Screening America in Hollywood Film - Essay Example Besides, post-war cultural changes affected the society as a whole and this is evident in the portrayal of male and female protagonists in general. Similarly, anxieties around gender identity resulted in the change in traditional gender roles, and it ended up in the formation of realistic role model for the working woman. Within this scenario, it is evident that post-war cultural changes and anxieties around gender identity forced the directors to portray the images of gender in post-war Hollywood cinema with difference. Thesis statement: The close examination of the images of gender in post-war Hollywood cinema, considering the ways in which films of this period illustrate both post-war cultural changes and anxieties around gender identity proves that post –war cultural changes resulted in the ideal image of professional male and suburban housewife, change in traditional gender roles, the image of working-class masculinity, the desire for sexual passivity, portrayal of weak male sexuality, female dissatisfaction, anxiety over changing nature of masculinity, unacceptability towards war-time masculinity, and the portrayal of gender roles as social constructions, and anxieties around gender identity resulted in the change in traditional gender identity, portrayal of tensions between male and fem ale members, changing female role (sexual freedom), conflict with disrupted gender roles, change in gender roles related to free education and loans for loans for homes and businesses, portrayal of the influence of consumerism over female gender role, the general urge to link femininity to domesticity, disrupting home life, and emergence of realistic role model for the working woman (special references to the post-WWII films related to post-war cultural changes and anxieties around gender identity). One can see that the WWII resulted in the mass migration from urban areas to suburban areas within the different states in US. To be specific, this can be

Of Emilie Carles' book is The Transformation of a Countrywoman Essay

Of Emilie Carles' book is The Transformation of a Countrywoman - Essay Example This paper makes an attempt to show the challenges that Emilie Carles was confronted with as a teacher and a woman. Her contributions are also discussed. Emilie Carles Emilie Carles was born at a time when women were considered lesser human beings. Her life was full of challenges. When she was six, she fell off a two storey building, but fortunately survived (Carles and Robert 5). The village where she lived led a harsh life. When she was just four years, her mother passed on while working in a farm after being struck by lightning (Carles and Robert 7). Her siblings also passed on. It was fortunate that death spared her. Furthermore, when she started attending school, fate seemingly sided with her temporarily and she was sponsored to continue her studies to high school. She wanted to become a teacher and later she became one. Emilie Carles was an extraordinary teacher and woman. Despite going through a troubled childhood, she was able to pick the lessons that needed to be passed on t o the next generation. Her wish to be a teacher was more because of her strong desire to teach kids to question what they were told. She believed that children were very vulnerable and needed to be told the truth because what they were told was what would shape their lives. ... She believed that the real change in the society could be realized if teachers helped the youngsters to shatter the barriers they were locked in. The people were made to believe that participation in wars was a show of patriotism when in the real sense it was only the political leaders and career soldiers who benefited while the common people heavily suffered. After being married, she lost her child to a military truck. Her pain was intense, nevertheless she even became more formidable to stand up for what was right. During World War II, her husband was on top of the list for potential hostages for German soldiers. Despite all these, she was committed to telling the truth to the youngsters in schools. Her spirit to fight against the abuses of the government on its people continued even after her retirement from teaching. She went on to fight for her community and encouraged her people to fight for their rights. At one time, she led fellow citizens to stop a freeway being constructed through the valley (her village). This freeway was not going to benefit the local community in any manner but rather destroy it (Carles and Robert 250). The contributions that Emilie Carles made to her community are immeasurable. She was a watchdog for her community all her life. She knew her people were ignorant and that the politicians took advantage of this societal ignorance. She was disgusted by the fact that politicians could repeat the same words since 1789 and the people never seemed to note the monotony (Carles and Robert 252). Definitely, she is an example of a strong willed person who went against all odds to stand up for what was right. Her strong determination saw her overcome pain and the many challenges she faced. It is worth noting that the challenges were strong given

Screening America in Hollywood Film Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Screening America in Hollywood Film - Essay Example Besides, post-war cultural changes affected the society as a whole and this is evident in the portrayal of male and female protagonists in general. Similarly, anxieties around gender identity resulted in the change in traditional gender roles, and it ended up in the formation of realistic role model for the working woman. Within this scenario, it is evident that post-war cultural changes and anxieties around gender identity forced the directors to portray the images of gender in post-war Hollywood cinema with difference. Thesis statement: The close examination of the images of gender in post-war Hollywood cinema, considering the ways in which films of this period illustrate both post-war cultural changes and anxieties around gender identity proves that post –war cultural changes resulted in the ideal image of professional male and suburban housewife, change in traditional gender roles, the image of working-class masculinity, the desire for sexual passivity, portrayal of weak male sexuality, female dissatisfaction, anxiety over changing nature of masculinity, unacceptability towards war-time masculinity, and the portrayal of gender roles as social constructions, and anxieties around gender identity resulted in the change in traditional gender identity, portrayal of tensions between male and fem ale members, changing female role (sexual freedom), conflict with disrupted gender roles, change in gender roles related to free education and loans for loans for homes and businesses, portrayal of the influence of consumerism over female gender role, the general urge to link femininity to domesticity, disrupting home life, and emergence of realistic role model for the working woman (special references to the post-WWII films related to post-war cultural changes and anxieties around gender identity). One can see that the WWII resulted in the mass migration from urban areas to suburban areas within the different states in US. To be specific, this can be

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Essay Example for Free

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Essay Imagine staying away from everybody, isolating yourself form someone you love, a family member or colleague because they seem to be sick. Imagine not being able to shake hand, kiss, or hug anybody because you are concerned that you might get some bacteria form them. Imagine not being able to open a door or pressing a button in the elevator with your hand because so many people have touched it before you. Imagine if you repeatedly check if the door of your apartment is locked even though you know for sure that you have locked it and you have checked several times. These are some symptoms of an anxiety disorder known as Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) which is characterized by uncontrollable, unwanted thoughts and repetitive, ritualized behaviors you feel compelled to perform. I have read about this disorder a long time ago because I noticed it with the Canadian comedian Howie Mandel. I noticed that Howie has mysophobia, so he does not shake hands with anybody. But I didn’t think about it as a mental illness, I thought it was just a fear that developed in his mind because of an incident that happened to him and I thought it would go away easily by facing that fear. But after watching the movie Back Form Madness, I realized that it is more complicated than what I thought it was. Glen, the photographer, was the person who got most of my attention, mainly because I am a photographer and I have done wedding photography for a while. So I know how hard it is for a photographer to take a perfect picture and the different aspects that should be focused on while taking a picture. Having OCD would defiantly make it much harder because you will be checking so many things in the camera and will take a long time to take a picture which will cause you anxiety because the customers will be mad. In this case, I will stop shooting and I will do the cingulotomy surgery even though, as Glen said, it is very dangerous and very painful. After the surgery, Glen was hopeless because he thought that he would die without getting cured. I cannot really talk about how I would feel because I believe that we cannot feel the whole pain of others unless we are in their shoe. But all I can say is, hope is in the horizon as the sun keeps rising every day with new opportunities to everybody.

The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Operating Systems Information Technology Essay

The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Operating Systems Information Technology Essay Level of involvement is one of the characteristic of honeypot and this level of involvement is used to measure the degree of interaction of the attacker with the operating system. Commonly a low-involvement honeypot will provide certain fake services [Spi01] and these services can only be implemented if somebody listen on a specific port. It is not possible to catch complex protocols communication with such a simple solution. An SMTP handshake will not give much useful information because an answering service is not listening. On a low-involvement honeypot there is no real operating system on which the attacker can operate and this will minimize the risk as there will be no complexity of the operating system. This is a disadvantage as it is not possible to watch an attacker interacting with the operating system. Role of this low-involvement honeypot is very passive as it is like a one-way connection in which we can only listen, but we do not ask questions ourselves. Figure 5.1: Low-involvement honeypot: A low-involvement honeypot does reduce risk to a minimum by minimizing interaction with the attacker Both low-level involvement honeypot and passive IDS are comparable as both the systems will not alter any traffic or interact with the attacker or the traffic flow. If the incoming packets match their patterns they are used to create logs and alerts. 5.1.2 Mid-involvement Honeypot A mid-involvement honeypot provides more interaction, but doesnt provide a real operating system. The fake daemons have deeper knowledge about the particular services they provide and are complicated. And risk will also increase. As the complexity of the honeypot increases the probability of the attacker to find the security hole or vulnerability is getting bigger. As there are no boundaries for the security and logging mechanisms built for this kind of events, a compromise of this system is still unlikely and certainly no goal. In the higher level of interaction, there is a possibility of more complex attacks and can be logged and analyzed. In general, the attacker has more possibilities to interact and probe the system and gets a better illusion of a real operating system. It is complex and time consuming for developing a mid-involvement honeypot and special care has to be taken for checking the security as all developed fake daemons must be as secure as possible. The developed versions must be very secure than their real counterparts, because this is the main reason to substitute these with fake variants. As each protocol and service must be understood in detail the knowledge for developing such a system must be very high. Figure 5.2: Mid-involvement honeypot: A mid-involvement honeypot does interact with the user in a minimal way 5.1.3 High-involvement Honeypot A high-involvement honeypot consists of an operating system and this leads to a much higher risk as the complexity increases and also at the same time, the possibility for gathering information, the possible attacks and the attractiveness increases a lot. One of the goal of the hacker is to gain root and to have the access to a shell,connected to the Internet 24/7. Such an environment is offered by high-involvement honeypot. As soon as a hacker gains the access, his real work and the interesting part begins. To get this level of freedom the attacker has to compromise the system, and then he will have the root rights on the system and can do everything at any instance on the compromised system. According to se, this system is not secure and even the whole machine cannot be considered as secure. This doesnot matter if he is in a sandbox, in a jail or a VMW box as there can be ways to get out of these software boundaries. Figure 5.3: High-involvement honeypot: A high-involvement honeypot has great risk as the attacker can compromise the system and use all its resources. This honeypot is very time consuming and the system should be kept under observation most of the time. If a honeypot is not under control then it is not of much help and it can become a danger or security hole itself. As the honeypot can be used by the blackhats as if its a real compromised system,it is very important to limit a honeypots access to the local intranet. As the danger once a system is fully compromised can b e reduced, limiting outbound traffic is also an important point to consider. If a full operating system is provided to the attacker, he can upload and install new files. As all actions can be recorded and analyzed, here a high-involvement honeypot can show its strength. One of the main goals of a high-involvement honeypot is to gather new information about the blackhat community and legitimates the higher risk. 5.1.4 Overview There are advantages and disadvantages of each level of involvement. Table 5.1: Overview of each level of Involvement advantages and disadvantages The danger is reduced as much as possible by choosing the lowest as possible risk honeypot. While choosing a honeypot and its level of involvement the required maintenance time must be considered. Honeynets are another possible honeypot architecture. 5.2 HONEYNETS NETWORK TOPOLOGIES Here the discussion is regarding the placement of honeypots in a network and a special, more complex version of honeypots which can also be called as honeynet. 5.2.1 Honeypot Location A honeypot does not require a specific environment to live as it is a standard server with no special needs. A honeypot can be placed anywhere a server is placed but some places are better for some approaches than others. Based on the service required, honeypot can be used on the internet as well as on the intranet. If the detection of some bad guys in a private network had wished it would be better to place a honeypot on the intranet which can be useful. Since this system can easily be compromised without immediate knowledge, it is important to set the internal thrust for a honeypot as low as possible. A honeypot can be placed at two locations with Internet as the main concern:  · In front of the firewall  · Behind the firewall (intranet) There are advantages and disadvantages of each approach. Because of the fact that placing a server in front of a firewall is simply not possible or not wished it is sometimes even impossible to choose freely. 5.2.1.1 In Front of the Firewall The risk for the internal network does not increase by placing the honeypot in front of a firewall. Behind the firewall the danger of having a compromised system is eliminated. This can be a problem if no additional firewalls are being used to shield some resources or if the IP is used for the purpose of authentication. A lot of unwished traffic like portscans or attack patterns will be attracted and generated by a honeypot and by placing a honeypot outside the firewall such events does not get logged by the firewall and an internal IDS system will not generate alerts. Or else, lot of alerts will be generated on the firewall or IDS. The biggest advantage of the firewall or IDS and any other resources, is that they need not be adjusted as the honeypot is outside the firewall and viewed as any other machine on the external network. Therefore if a honeypot is running it will not increase the risk of the internal network nor does it introduce new risks. If the honeypot is placed in front of the firewall then internal attackers cannot be located or trapped that easy, particularly if the firewall limits outbound traffic and therefore limits the traffic to the honeypot. 5.2.1.2 Behind the Firewall New security risks to the internal network can be introduced by a honeypot behind the firewall, in particular if the internal network is not secured against the honeypot through additional firewalls. A honeypot provides a lot of services; most of them are not used as exported services to the Internet and are blocked by the firewall. It is inevitable to adjust the firewall rules and also the IDS signatures by placing the honeypot behind the firewall, as it can be wished not to generate an alert every time the honeypot is attacked or scanned. If internal honeypot is compromised by an external attacker the biggest problem will arise. He can then access the internal network through the honeypot. This traffic will not be stopped by the firewall as it is regarded as traffic to the honeypot only, which in turn is granted. It is mandatory for securing an internal honeypot, in particular if it is a high-involvement honeypot. The main reason for placing a honeypot behind a firewall is to detect internal attackers. By making use of the internal honeypot it is possible to detect a mis-configured firewall. It is not possible to place a honeypot in front of a firewall sometimes because no external IPs are available nor access to the network in front of the firewall is possible. 5.2.2 Honeynets A honeypot is a single machine which is used for running multiple virtual operating systems. As the traffic goes directly on to the network it is not possible to control the outbound traffic. Preliminary firewall can be used to limit outbound traffic. Such a complex environment is honeynet. Multiple honeypots and a firewall (or firewalled-bridge) to limit and log network traffic is contained by a typical honeynet. To watch the potential attacks and decode and store network traffic on the preliminary system an IDS can be used. Figure 5.5: Different types of honeypot topologies: Simple honeypot, honeynet and a virtual honeynet If a firewall is placed in front of a honeypot (or multiple honeypots) the risk based on the honeypot can be reduced. Both the inbound as well as the outbound connections can be controlled; it is possible to control the network flow. As logging of network traffic can be done on one centralized location for all honeypots it is very easy. The data that is captured need not be placed on the honeypot itself and the risk of this data detection by an attacker is eliminated. More hardware is required by introducing new machines to the honeypot itself. Only one machine solution is thinkable. It is possible to set up multiple virtual systems on a physical machine by making use of Virtualization software. By this attempt, a firewall can also be placed on the same machine as all virtual honeypots but the security of this solution is not that good compared to different physical machines. If the honeynet is a virtual environment, the attacker could be able to break out of the virtual machine and the system could be compromised. As the attacker cannot see the bridge it is safe to place the bridge with firewall capabilities in front of a honeypot. As the bridge has no IP it is not possible to attack the bridge and therefore no attack point exists. There is complexity of the environment raised when additional hardware is introduced. In order to provide best security networking and associated tools must be understood.